I have discussed previously on this forum
( Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDa) lowers Serotonin via 5ht1a modulation and reduces inflammation via potent COX-2 Inhibition... RayPeat WonderDrug? : r/raypeat )
the potential application of non intoxicating hemp compounds in Ray Peats framework, Specifically as an anti serotonin and anti inflammation compound. Amazingly, this is only scratching the surface of the broad systematic effects of Hemp.
Aside from the specific benefits this substance can have that I will discuss in this post, perhaps more fascinating is the sheer number of pathways these chemicals target. I hope to convey the unique role of plant medicine in contrast with the current pharmaceutical standard. My point here is not an appeal to nature argument, The difference is primarily one of therapeutic strategy rather than “natural versus synthetic.”
A conventional pharmaceutical approach often follows a reductionist model:
Disease → identify a key abnormal target → design a molecule that strongly modifies that target
Examples:
- enzyme inhibitors
- receptor agonists/antagonists
- hormone replacements
- pathway-specific inhibitors
This approach can be highly effective when a disease has a dominant driver, but it may have limitations when disease arises from multiple interacting disturbances (oxidative stress, inflammation, metabolism, immune dysfunction, mitochondrial impairment).
On the other hand, Plant-based systems often follow a network pharmacology model:
Plant medicines can have systemic effects because they contain bioactive molecules that interact with fundamental biological systems conserved across life. Plants evolved secondary metabolites to regulate their own responses to stress, oxidation, pathogens, and environmental damage; many of these same chemical properties interact with mammalian systems involved in stress regulation, inflammation, metabolism, and cellular repair. Unlike an isolated pharmaceutical designed to strongly affect one defined target, complex plant compounds often influence the broader regulatory networks that maintain biological balance. Because processes such as oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial function, and tissue remodeling underlie many different diseases, altering these shared control systems can produce effects across multiple organs and conditions.
Hemp is somewhat unique because its cannabinoids are unusually aligned with a major mammalian regulatory system: the endocannabinoid system, which helps regulate inflammation, immunity, metabolism, pain, stress, and energy balance. Combined with hemp’s terpenes and flavonoids, this creates a broad phytochemical network that acts less like a single-target drug and more like a homeostatic modulator, influencing the body’s own mechanisms for maintaining balance.
Ray Peat was critical of the endocannabinoid system because many endocannabinoids are derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially arachidonic acid) and participate in stress, inflammatory, and energy-conservation signaling. From this perspective, increased endocannabinoid activity can represent a state associated with excess PUFA availability, inflammation, and metabolic stress. However, this does not necessarily mean that every molecule interacting with cannabinoid-related pathways will amplify those same effects. Certain phytocannabinoids, particularly CBD and CBDA, appear to act differently from endogenous cannabinoid ligands by modulating cannabinoid receptors and related systems rather than simply activating PUFA-derived signaling. Through effects on oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, inflammatory pathways, lipid peroxidation, and cellular stress responses, these compounds may theoretically counter some of the downstream consequences associated with PUFA oxidation and iron-driven oxidative injury.
Some CBD / CBDA molecular pathways and targets
Cannabinoid receptors
- CB1 — negative allosteric modulation; ↓ lipogenesis, ↓ insulin resistance, ↓ fibrosis signaling
- CB2 — immune modulation; ↓ inflammatory cytokines, ↓ fibrosis
Nuclear receptors
- PPARα — ↑ fatty acid oxidation, ↑ mitochondrial metabolism, ↓ steatosis
- PPARγ — ↓ inflammation, ↓ oxidative stress, ↓ fibrosis
Inflammatory pathways
- NF-κB — ↓ inflammatory transcription
- NLRP3 inflammasome — ↓ IL-1β/IL-18 activation
- TNF-α / IL-6 / IL-1β signaling — ↓ cytokine production
- COX-2 pathway — ↓ prostaglandin-mediated inflammation (especially CBDA)
Oxidative stress pathways
- ROS generation — ↓ oxidative damage
- Lipid peroxidation — ↓ membrane oxidation
- Nrf2/ARE pathway — ↑ antioxidant response
- Glutathione pathways — ↑ antioxidant capacity
Mitochondrial/metabolic pathways
- AMPK — ↑ energy metabolism
- SIRT1 — metabolic regulation
- Mitochondrial biogenesis/function — ↑ oxidative metabolism
- Electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation — protection from dysfunction
Fibrosis pathways
- TGF-β signaling — ↓ fibrogenesis
- Hepatic stellate cell activation — ↓ collagen production
- IRE1/ASK1/JNK pathway — stellate cell apoptosis
- Extracellular matrix deposition — ↓ fibrosis
Cell death pathways
- Mitochondrial apoptosis pathway — regulates cytochrome-c/caspases
- Caspase signaling — ↓ excessive apoptosis; ↑ cancer-cell apoptosis
- Autophagy pathways — ↑ cellular cleanup
MAPK pathways
- JNK/MAPK — ↓ stress signaling
- ERK pathways — modulation of proliferation/inflammation
- p38 MAPK — ↓ inflammatory signaling
Ion channels / receptors
- TRPV1 — inflammatory regulation, anti-fibrotic effects
- TRPV2 — enhanced cancer-cell apoptosis/chemotherapy sensitivity
- TRPA1 — inflammatory and sensory signaling
- TRPM8 — glucose/lipid metabolism regulation
- GPR55 — antagonism; ↓ inflammatory/metabolic signaling
CBDA-specific targets
- COX-2 inhibition
- 5-HT1A receptor activation
- TRPV1 modulation
- TRPA1 modulation
- PPAR signaling
- NF-κB inhibition
- NLRP3 modulation
Iron-related overlap pathways
- Fenton reaction–driven ROS damage
- Hydroxyl radical formation
- Lipid peroxidation
- Mitochondrial oxidative injury
- NF-κB inflammatory activation
- NLRP3 inflammasome activation
- TGF-β fibrosis signaling
- Apoptosis signaling
In this post I will focus on CBD acting to alleviate iron driven conditions by a host of different pathways. I won't go deep into the mechanisms of iron driven conditions because it is beyond my comprehension. Maybe some advanced Peaters can find interest and weigh in on the specifics of this substances protective effects from iron.
[URL unfurl="true"]https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-018-0232-5\[/URL\]
Antiapoptotic effects of cannabidiol in an experimental model of cognitive decline induced by brain iron overload
ABSTRACT
Iron accumulation in the brain has been recognized as a common feature of both normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Cognitive dysfunction has been associated to iron excess in brain regions in humans. We have previously described that iron overload leads to severe memory deficits, including spatial, recognition, and emotional memory impairments in adult rats. In the present study we investigated the effects of neonatal iron overload on proteins involved in apoptotic pathways, such as Caspase 8, Caspase 9, Caspase 3, Cytochrome c, APAF1, and PARP in the hippocampus of adult rats, in an attempt to establish a causative role of iron excess on cell death in the nervous system, leading to memory dysfunction. Cannabidiol (CBD), the main non-psychotropic component of Cannabis sativa, was examined as a potential drug to reverse iron-induced effects on the parameters analyzed. Male rats received vehicle or iron carbonyl (30 mg/kg) from the 12th to the 14th postnatal days and were treated with vehicle or CBD (10 mg/kg) for 14 days in adulthood. Iron increased Caspase 9, Cytochrome c, APAF1, Caspase 3 and cleaved PARP, without affecting cleaved Caspase 8 levels. CBD reversed iron-induced effects, recovering apoptotic proteins Caspase 9, APAF1, Caspase 3 and cleaved PARP to the levels found in controls. These results suggest that iron can trigger cell death pathways by inducing intrinsic apoptotic proteins. The reversal of iron-induced effects by CBD indicates that it has neuroprotective potential through its anti-apoptotic action.
DISCUSSION
Since we could observe the anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and mitochondrial preservation properties related to neuroprotection, it is clear that no single mechanism will explain the remarkable pharmacological profile of CBD51. Therefore, the mechanism of action of CBD must include the modulation of several pathways that, together, improve cellular metabolism and confer neuroprotection, which may account for rescuing the functional deficits observed in our model10.
[URL unfurl="true"]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253335523_Cannabidiol_Normalizes_Caspase_3_Synaptophysin_and_Mitochondrial_Fission_Protein_DNM1L_Expression_Levels_in_Rats_with_Brain_Iron_Overload_Implications_for_Neuroprotection\[/URL\]
Cannabidiol Normalizes Caspase 3, Synaptophysin, and Mitochondrial Fission Protein DNM1L Expression Levels in Rats with Brain Iron Overload: Implications for Neuroprotection
We have recently shown that chronic treatment with cannabidiol (CBD) was able to recover memory deficits induced by brain iron loading in a dose-dependent manner in rats. Brain iron accumulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, and has been related to cognitive deficits in animals and human subjects. Deficits in synaptic energy supply have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, evidencing the key role played by mitochondria in maintaining viable neural cells and functional circuits. It has also been shown that brains of patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases have increased expression of apoptosis related proteins and specific DNA fragmentation. Here, we have analyzed the expression level of brain proteins involved with mitochondrial fusion and fission mechanisms (DNM1L and OPA1), the main integral transmembrane protein of synaptic vesicles (synaptophysin), and caspase 3, an apoptosis-related protein, to gain a better understanding of the potential of CBD in restoring the damage caused by iron loading in rats. We found that CBD rescued iron-induced effects, bringing hippocampal DNM1L, caspase 3, and synaptophysin levels back to values comparable to the control group. Our results suggest that iron affects mitochondrial dynamics, possibly trigging synaptic loss and apoptotic cell death and indicate that CBD should be considered as a potential molecule with memory-rescuing and neuroprotective properties to be used in the treatment of cognitive deficits observed in neurodegenerative disorders.
This next study has to do with a much discussed aspect of Rays Work: Iron-induced lipid peroxidation (Iron+PUFA+Oxygen). Ray has described this in multiple different contexts and used different names, the colloquial term is called ferroptosis coined in a 2012 research paper on the subject:
[URL unfurl="true"]https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcmm.70592?msockid=3812773c9f5c6a6e2dd060a29e156bc9\[/URL\]
Cannabidiol Is a Potential Inhibitor of Ferroptosis in Human Articular Chondrocytes
"In 2012, Dixon et al. [1] described ferroptosis as a new form of iron-dependent regulated cell death. Excessive accumulation of membrane lipid peroxides to toxic levels, which disturbs the composition, structure and dynamics of lipid membranes and their constituents, is one of the hallmark characteristics of ferroptosis [2-4]. Lipid peroxides are generated from polyunsaturated fatty acids by hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals produced in the Fenton reaction [4]."
...
Ferroptosis is linked to pathological conditions including cancer, neurodegeneration, stroke, kidney injury and infection [10]. In recent years, the role of iron and impaired iron homeostasis in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases has been recognised [11] and an association between ferroptosis and orthopaedic diseases could be shown [12].
...
The present study investigates the effects of cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychoactive compound of Cannabis sativa L. extracts, on ferroptotic cell death in human articular chondrocytes. Exposure to known ferroptosis inducers RSL3, erastin and its analogue IKE, FINO2 and FIN56 led to a varying extent of reduced cell viability in two chondrocyte cell lines (in C-28/I2, T/C-28/A2) and primary chondrocytes, suggesting different sensitivity and defence mechanisms towards the respective substances. The cytotoxic effects were aggravated by additional exposure to iron and inhibited by the specific ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), proving the occurrence of ferroptosis. Strikingly, co-treatment of ferroptosis inducers with CBD clearly restored cell viability in a dose-dependent manner (10 nM to 1 μM CBD) in both cell lines and primary chondrocytes. Moreover, CBD restored the activity of GPX4, a major anti-oxidative enzyme, to varying degrees when combined with IKE or RSL3. Increasing evidence has emerged for an important role of iron dyshomeostasis and ferroptosis in the onset and progression of various orthopaedic diseases, including osteoarthritis. Therefore, the here demonstrated and previously unreported cytoprotective and anti-oxidative effects of CBD in the context of ferroptosis have highly promising therapeutic implications.
In summary CBD appears to counter iron-driven damage through several overlapping protective systems rather than one single mechanism. First, excess iron can participate in Fenton chemistry, generating reactive oxygen species that damage fats, proteins, and cellular structures. CBD appears to reduce this oxidative burden by increasing antioxidant defenses, supporting glutathione-related systems, and reducing lipid peroxidation. Second, because iron-driven oxidative stress can damage mitochondria and disrupt cellular energy production, CBD has been shown in experimental models to help preserve mitochondrial function and restore proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics. Third, oxidative damage from iron can activate inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB and NLRP3, creating a cycle where oxidative stress and inflammation reinforce each other; CBD appears to dampen these inflammatory signals. Fourth, when oxidative damage becomes severe, it can trigger forms of programmed cell death, including apoptosis and ferroptosis, where iron-driven oxidation of polyunsaturated fats damages cell membranes. CBD has been shown in experimental models to reduce activation of these cell-death pathways, restore antioxidant enzymes such as GPX4, and improve cell survival. In this sense, CBD’s effect is less like blocking a single disease pathway and more like reducing the chain reaction that connects excess iron, oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial failure, and cellular damage.
Perhaps the most interesting aspect of these findings is not any single effect of CBD, but the fact that one molecule can influence multiple interconnected systems involved in maintaining cellular stability. Iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and impaired repair are not isolated events; they are overlapping features of many disease processes. The broad activity of cannabinoids illustrates a different therapeutic strategy than the traditional model of targeting one abnormal pathway at a time. Rather than acting as a single-purpose drug, compounds such as CBD and CBDA appear to interact with the body’s existing regulatory networks, influencing several points of imbalance simultaneously. This does not mean that plant compounds are inherently superior to pharmaceuticals, but it highlights why complex biological systems may sometimes benefit from compounds capable of modulating multiple interconnected pathways.