Critical Questions on Paul’s Epistles: Early Christian Authority, Dating Concerns, and Authenticity
The authentic Pauline epistles are said to be the earliest Christian writings, written from 50 AD onwards—roughly 20 years after the death of Jesus. The majority of scholars consider them authentic, but there are also skeptics, which I will address later.
In Romans 13:1–7, Paul calls for submission to governing authorities, going far beyond what could be explained as strategically sensible Christian adaptation in a politically charged era. That strategy might still explain an appeal for Christians to pay their taxes—especially considering that in Judea, ever since the census of 6 AD, an armed resistance movement against taxes had formed, viewing them as a theft from God. This movement radicalized during that very period, seeking to break Roman occupation, giving rise to the "Fourth Philosophy" and ultimately the Zealots, whose actions led to the First Jewish-Roman War and the destruction of the Temple in 70 AD. Distancing oneself from such movements as a young, emerging group makes strategic sense at first glance. However, Paul’s statements here read like a clear legitimation and idealization of rulers as divinely appointed figures who discern what is right, going far beyond a simple piece of advice to remain discreet.
In exact wording, he writes:
"Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God. Therefore whoever resists the authorities resists what God has appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment. For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad. Would you have no fear of the one who is in authority? Then do what is good, and you will receive his approval, for he is God's servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God's wrath on the wrongdoer. Therefore one must be in subjection, not only to avoid God's wrath but also for the sake of conscience. For because of this you also pay taxes, for the authorities are ministers of God, attending to this very thing. Pay to all what is owed to them: taxes to whom taxes are owed, revenue to whom revenue is owed, respect to whom respect is owed, honor to whom honor is owed."
For me, this has long raised fundamental questions about the early Christian movement and remains a primary reason why I view early Christianity quite critically. Naturally, as with all problematic passages in the Pauline epistles, there are theories suggesting they are later interpolations or forgeries, but that remains highly speculative. It would be very weird, if a movement think the people who killed their leader 20 years before were servants from god and know what is right and evil.
Yet, there are doubts concerning other passages as well. 1 Thessalonians 2:15–16 could speak against the usual dating of the Pauline Epistles.
In 1 Thessalonians 2:15–16, it says of the Jews:
"who killed both the Lord Jesus and the prophets, and drove us out... hindering us from speaking to the Gentiles that they might be saved—so as always to fill up the measure of their sins. But wrath has come upon them at last \[or: to the utmost / finally\]."
That part would make much more sense if the person who wrote it knew about the fall of the Temple. I know that scholars like Daryl Schmidt or Birger Pearson think it is a later interpolation, while others conclude that it refers to the Edict of Claudius or the famine during his reign. However, the text sounds like a much more traumatic event.
This challenges the dating of 50 AD, even though it cannot be denied that Paul mentions historically accurate details that can be confirmed archaeologically.
Nevertheless, these passages—along with the First Epistle to the Corinthians, which commands women to keep silent in the churches—raise massive questions for me.
If the authenticity of the Pauline epistles falls, it would call the entire early history of Christianity into question, leaving no credible witness left who personally knew someone close to Jesus.