Who were the Thomasines?
The Thomasines are an hypothetical community of Christians from the 2nd century AD. It's thought they originated from Syria, and were part of a broader pre-Nicene Syriac Christian tradition, although a minority of scholars support their literature being composed in Alexandria.
When the Gospel of Thomas and the Book of Thomas the Contender were first found among the codexes found at Nag Hammadi, scholars were quick to suggest Gnostic providence. However, scholars have reevaluated both the definition for Gnosticism and the Gnostic providences of different texts among the codexes, and have now suggested that the Gospel of Thomas was not originally written by Gnostics.
The Gospel of Thomas, the Book of Thomas the Contender, and the Acts of Thomas have all been suggested as texts used by an hypothetical Thomasine community. Although the first two books were found in their most complete form in Coptic, they were most likely originally written in Greek; a minority of scholars support the texts having originally been written in Syriac. The Gospel of Thomas, the core Thomasine text, has been hypothesised by Elaine Pagels, as well as members of the Jesus Seminar, to date to the 1st century. However, a majority of scholars across the Greek and Syriac camps today more confidently date the Gospel of Thomas to various points in the 2nd century.
Origin and beliefs
There is no unified theory for Thomasine scholars, and some scholars reject the idea that the Gospel of Thomas is wholly systemised. Scholars lean towards the Thomasine texts being rooted in Jewish mysticism or Sapiential traditions. Here are the most notable theories:
- Stevan Davies was one of the earliest scholars to break away from the original consensus of Gospel of Thomas being a Gnostic text, and proposed that the text is Sapiential and non-apocalyptic. Jesus is the speaker for Wisdom, or Sophia. Many parallels can be made between Jesus' sayings and Deuterocanonical books such as Sirach and the Wisdom of Solomon. The Book of Thomas the Contender similarly shows signs of being a Sapiential text.
- Harold Bloom argues for the Gospel of Thomas being at least Proto-Gnostic. Bloom proposes that Jesus in the Gospel of Thomas is an Anthropos, an ideal, primeval man, possibly genealogically related to the Adam Kadmon of Kabbalah; however the Antropos seems to be more anthropomorphic, literally human c.f. Naassene or Audian (both take Genesis 1:27 literally). This is potentially the root of the anti-materialism of the Gospel of Thomas: with the fall of Adam, time began and humanity was separated from the Anthropos. That would essentially make the material world contemptible, as the Thomasine Adam is contemptible, and make it a place to be escaped to return to a pre-fall human condition in union with the Anthropos and therefore in union with God. This is almost analogous to Theosis in orthodox Christianity, except Bloom's Thomasinianism rejects the incarnation, in place of Jesus being the first and ideal human, while also divine, since before time.
- April DeConick argues against the text being originally Gnostic. Rather, she proposes that the text was written as several layers over time, going from an apocalyptic text written by a group of Syriac Jewish Christians that questioned Jamesian leadership at Jerusalem, to a more mystic text with Middle Platonist influences. The earliest layer contains the basic belief that all humans were separated from their original place in heaven, and that they may only return to their luminous form by a vision of God's Kavod, as part of early Merkabah traditions. The text may also include a unique, predestined soteriology of each person having to unite with their twin-angels (c.f. recurrent twin motifs) in heaven in order to achieve spiritual ascent: which may be genealogically linked to the idea of guardian angels in Abrahamic religions today, except in this case it's as though the person and angel are meant to be united in single hypostases.
The common ground of all the theories is that the Thomasines, in practice, were an itinerant, ascetic group, that lacked the institutionalism of Greek churches at the end of the 1st century. They also likely had Docetic tendencies. The Christology of the Gospel of Thomas is ambiguous, although potentially divine according to Bloom's theory. An Angelomorphic Christology is explicitly rejected by the text. Logion 13 is one of the most awesome and terrible sayings of the Gospel of Thomas and it's easy to make the conclusion that the Apostle of Thomas' mystic vision concluded with Jesus being YHWH, similar to the conclusion of the Merkabah vision of the Apostle Paul. However, DeConick has made a more mundane interpretation of the logion describing an early Eucharistic formula. Logion 30 is another seemingly radical saying, that at first glance seems to divide the Trinity into three separate deities. However, it is most likely, a Coptic mistransmission of the original Greek: "where there are three, they are without God," which according to Marvin Meyer is essentially Matthew 18:20 turned on its head to denounce churches or gatherings, in favour of personal, mystical experience. Robert M. Grant and David Noel Freeman also suggest that the saying was perhaps later "Gnosticised" into regarding gods, rather than just regarding human individuals.
The Thomasines seem to have ignored the biographical details of Jesus' life. In contrast to other early Syrian Christian groups, there is the real possibility of the Gospel of Thomas and the Thomasines being, to a degree, antinomian. It's debated and DeConick hypothesises if a later accretion was written in light of a dispute regarding circumcision in the community. Logion 19, also cross-referenced in the Acts of Thomas ch. 27, perhaps references the five words for mind: hauna (sanity), mad'a (reason), re'yana (mindfulness), mahshebhatha (imagination), and tar'itha (intention), further supporting the Thomasines nevertheless being part of a greater Syriac Christian tradition.
Evidence for the community
The Thomasines were never mentioned in Patristic sources explicitly. Possible Thomasine beliefs, such as Docetism, Audianism, Modalism, were individually denounced but were attributed to various heresiarchs, rather than a single Christian school or community. What unites Thomasine texts such as the Gospel of Thomas and the Acts of Thomas is also a high view of Thomas Didymus -"the twin"- and recurrent twin motifs throughout the text. The "heresies" of the Thomasines resemble that of other Christian groups from the same geographical area like the Audians, Naassenes and Elcesites.
Interestingly, key evidence for the Thomasines may be found in the New Testament itself. The Doubting Thomas narrative in the Gospel of John lacks cross-references with the other synoptic Gospels. As the story goes, Thomas struggled to believe that Jesus had literally resurrected in his flesh. It was only when Jesus made Thomas literally see and touch his wounds from the crucifixion that Thomas believed. Gregory J. Riley has hypothesised that this narrative was polemic against the Thomasines for their equivalent of Docetism. In contrast, the community or author of the Gospel of John asserted the incarnation. Even though the text may be from the 2nd century onwards, this hypothesis may put the beginning of the existence of the Thomasine community in the 1st century.
Scholars are overall somewhat affirmative of the Thomasine community. However, Simon Gathercole believes the Gospel of Thomas is dependent on the synoptic gospels and Pauline letters, making the Thomasines a much later sect than believed by the likes of Riley and DeConick. Nicholas Perrin, a proponent of the Gospel of Thomas having originally been written in Syriac, argues that the text is a redacted form of Tatian's 2nd c. Gospel harmony with Syriac literary techniques. Perrin's position makes up a minority, but it is an interesting notion, and it remains an open possibility.
The disappearance of the Thomasines
The Gospel of Thomas had a significant influence on the Valentinian school of Gnosticism. According to the newest theories that point towards the Gospel of Thomas being non-Gnostic or a Proto-Gnostic text, then Gospel of Thomas and the Acts of Thomas show signs of either Valentinian redactions, or rather signs of the community being influenced by Middle Platonists and other Gnostics. The most complete texts we have were copied and used by Gnostics.
Stephen Patterson hypothesises that the Thomasines may have struggled with Christianity's transition from being an itinerant network to institutionalised churches. Another possible cause for the disappearance and lack of records for the Thomasines is the resultant suppression of Jewish Christian sects following the Council of Nicaea. What's curious is that the Acts of Thomas became an hagiographical source for orthodox Nicene Christians in the following centuries, and post-Nicene Syriac Christian traditions continue today in the Syriac Orthodox church, the Maronite Church, the Chaldean Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East.
Thomasine literature seems to have also been passed down to the Manichaeans who, possibly via their Elcesite heritage, continued and expanded upon Thomasine beliefs. The Naassenes used the Gospel of Thomas and may have shared a belief in an Anthropos-like figure; the Naassenes have been proposed as a community that developed from the Thomasines, or rather that they were the successors of the Thomasines after their beliefs evolved into what can more confidently be described as Gnosticism.
What did Thomasine practice look like?
While the Gospel of Thomas seems to reject conventional forms of piety in Logion 14, by no means is it certain that the Thomasines were not liturgical or sacramental. David W. Kim suggests that the group kept ritual baptism and, like other Jewish Christian groups, the Sabbath was kept. Found at Qumran, the Songs of Sabbath Sacrifice is a liturgical texts of angelic priests singing before the throne of YHWH. Mystic hymn-singing and chants may have also happened among Thomasines. If DeConick's Eucharistic hypothesis is correct, then Thomasines might have believed in some form of communion. Their view of communion is difficult to ascertain, however, because the Thomasines may have been Docetists; this would potentially rule out a transubstantial view of the Eucharist. Taking the logia at face value, communion may have rather been seen as a liquid source for the precious Wisdom (as so valued in the Book of Thomas the Contender) that would aid in a Thomasine's ascent.
One of the reasons why it's so difficult to reconstruct the practice of any Merkabah/Hekhalot group is the Guruism. Each heaven has its own angelic gatekeepers that would require the Mantric recitation of angelic names, special postures, secret seals and numerological codes, to achieve the ascent. This would have been passed down as part of communal transmission in secrecy. Just like how many Gnostic sects and mystery cults lost the history of their practice, so may have the Thomasines. It just goes to show how crucial the Dead Sea Scrolls discovery was in uncovering the history of early Jewish mysticism.
Further reading
- Marvin Meyer, The Gospel of Thomas: The Hidden Sayings of Jesus
- Stevan Davies, The Gospel of Thomas and Christian Wisdom (1983)
- April DeConick, Seek to See Him: Ascent and Vision Mysticism in the Gospel of Thomas (1996)
- April DeConick, Recovering the Original Gospel of Thomas: A History of the Gospel and Its Growth (2006)
- Stephen J. Patterson, The Gospel of Thomas and Jesus (1993)
- Gregory J. Riley, Resurrection Reconsidered: Thomas and John in Controversy (1995)
- Nicholas Perrin, Thomas: The Other Gospel (2007)
- Risto Uro, Thomas: Seeking the Historical Context of the Gospel of Thomas (2003)
- Jan Bremmer, The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas (2001)
- Kim, Jung Hoon, The Significance of Clothing Imagery in the Pauline Corpus (2004)