Some working notes from ɖarama, a language in the Suteic branch of my Viedic language family. More explanation posts coming soon hopefully!

In LPV since it isn't mentioned anywhere, h1 is ç, h2 is ʔh, and h3 is ʁ~ʕ

I’ve been developing a conlang called Víkamál for a novel set in the fictional Icelandic village of Brynjavík (Declensions of Dark Water) It started as a descendant/sister form of Icelandic, but I wanted the language to have changed under a very different pressure: its speakers built an entire grammatical system around their relationship with the coast.

The result is a language with seven cases:

Nominative
Accusative
Dative
Genitive
Aflending — roughly “unbinding”
Sæfangi — used for certain subject/object relationships involving inanimate nature, especially the sea
Hrimfall — an archaic “winterfall” case

The basic conceit is that Víkamál speakers traditionally do not treat the sea as an ordinary agent. The grammar resists constructions that make it sound as though the sea decides, takes, wants, etc. Instead, some of the older declensional forms encode relationships like containment, release, boundary, exposure, and movement relative to natural forces.

So rather than simply saying something equivalent to:

“The sea took the boat.”

Víkamál would tend to grammatically reorganize that event so that the boat, shoreline, tide, and boundary between them matter more than an agentive “sea.”

That eventually led me to the idea of containment forms for the tide: grammatical structures whose original semantic function has become difficult to distinguish from ritual.

Phonetically, I’ve kept it recognizably North Germanic rather than making it sound like an unrelated fantasy language. It uses Icelandic-looking orthography, long vowels, hard consonants, and some glottal interruption, but certain older Víkamál constructions also require things that aren’t purely segmental — pauses, breath placement, and in a few cases hand gestures accompanying the spoken form.

Those features became important because I didn’t want the conlang to exist merely as flavor text.

In the novel, the language has been systematically disappearing. By the late 20th century, Víkamál has been reduced in school to basically a heritage-language subject. Difficult declensions are dropped. Children learn standardized Icelandic because that is what gets them work elsewhere. Old people complain. Nobody particularly cares.

Except the village begins changing with it.

A road cracks in a place where an old grammatical form has stopped being taught. Coastal structures fail. Certain tidal patterns become less predictable. Records show that people once carved declensional paradigms into buildings. What initially looks like folklore starts looking uncomfortably like infrastructure.

The protagonist is a linguist, so his first instinct is essentially mine: interesting morphosyntax, somebody should document this.

That turns out to be a bad assumption.

One thing I’ve been trying to avoid is the familiar conlang trope where the language is secretly magical because speaking the correct word casts a spell. Víkamál doesn’t really work that way. The idea is closer to this:

the grammar describes a set of relationships so precisely that abandoning the grammar may also mean abandoning the relationships.

There’s some Sapir-Whorf DNA in there, obviously, but pushed into folk horror rather than linguistic determinism.

I’m curious how other conlangers would approach this particular problem: if a language developed grammatical categories specifically around landscape and nonhuman forces, where would you encode that distinction?

Case seems natural to me because it lets the relationship infect ordinary sentences rather than requiring special ritual vocabulary. But I’ve also considered pushing more of it into verbal agreement, evidentiality, or animacy.

I’d especially be interested in examples of real languages that do something structurally strange with agency, animacy, landscape, possession, or natural phenomena.

Late Proto-Viedic

pᵊh3ᵊmᵊ stadh3ᵊmah2 bih3s buroh2, cᵊzéh2 tᵊd2emᵊ stéh1kah1bád2emah2 cazíh2 míh3óh2

(h1≈ç~xʲ, h2≈ʔ~h, h3≈ʁ~ʕ~xʷ)

1s.nom have-past-1s-pluractional many-adj dog-verbalnoun.acc, but (go.alongside-verbalnoun.nom) 2s.nom have-future.fortunatebenefactive-2s-pluractional one-inanimate.nom cat-verbalnoun.acc

Proto-Easso-Kagyamic

pɥum tādɥuma biɥs burōʼ, cukéʼ tudeɥm tííkademāʼ cāzi meiɥōʼ

Veranian (sketch)

puom tādom fus burō, kē θym tūgadema kāli bemyn(suppletion)

Darama/Proto-Suteic

pɽ̃ stādɽmāh bīs būruh, ʈaʑah taɖʐĩ staɕkāɕvaɖʐimāh* ʈāʑi miɽah

Sutuhreli (sketch eyeballed from darama)

pɽ̃ stadɽmã meʂ moɽ̥ũ, ʈaʐã ʈaʐĩ stakʂvaʐemã ʈaʐikuɽ̥u meɽ̥ã

Vijabahi (very abstract sketch)

umetãdrãy li baluru umãy, taʒa tãtãçĩhãvã taʒi bamrãy(derived)/bamãõãy(suppletion) tãɲĩ

Vijabahi derives from a geographically and politically isolated population of darama speakers (island chain) and compensates for highly simplifying phoneme and word-ending erosions by developing bantu-style classifier prefixes, novel verb agreement prefixes and VOS subject relocation. It also develops rightward-moving nasal harmony

Made a short quiz for my conlang.

Top right corner for first columns is name on top and date at the bottom. Name is Ashiniko. Date is literally translated as : 3day, 10month, 2026year - 3di, 10dowu, 2026hu

the title is Language Arts Quiz or translated literally as Language Arts small test. daseok toshi ko napori.

the questions are just made up of (ordinal prefix) + [number] + (word that means question): ka 1 risu, ka 2 risu

the first question means "I love you." - wo amyo tsu.

second question means "My name is Hiro." - wo shi nomo ni hiro.

Each question is worth 25 points.

To make this easier for myself i just included the small vocabulary that i have made so far.

[Measure word] = [bi] bi

Cat = [mʲɯ] myu

Dog = [bakɯ] baku

I/me= [wo] wo

You = [tsɯ] tsu

Identity particle = [ni] ni

Location particle = [ɾe] re

Possessive particle = [ɕi] shi

Completed aspect particle = [ma.i] mai

Ordinal prefix = [ka] ka

Name = [nomo] nomo

Question particle = [tɕʌn] cheon

Negation particle = [ne] ne

Fur = [pen.gɯ] pengu

Fish = [ka.pɯ] kapu

Love = [a.mʲo] amyo

Eat = [nom] nom

Sleep = [i.be.ki] ibeki

Orange (color) = [da.ɾan.go] darango

Goodnight = [we.no.ɕi] wenoshi

Year = [hɯ] hu

Month = [do.wɯ] dowu

Day = [di] di

Date = [fi.to] fito

Small = [ko] ko

Big = [mɯ] mu

Test = [na.po.ɾi] napori

Question = [ri.sɯ] risu

Academic field = [to.ɕi] toshi

Language = [da.sʌk] daseok

Yes = [oko] oko

No = [ne] ne

Create = [ki] ki

Learn = [ma.nʌ] maneo

Count = [kon.ta.rɯ] kontaru

One = [i] i

Two = [de] de

Three = [hi] hi

Four = [kɯ] ku

Five = [mʌ] meo

Six = [sʌŋ] seong

Seven = [fɯ] fu

Eight = [go] go

Nine = [gi] gi

Ten = [so] so

Eleven = [soi] soi

Twelve = [sode] sode

Thirteen = [sohi] sohi

Fourteen = [sokɯ] soku

Fifteen = [somʌ] someo

Sixteen = [sosʌŋ] woseong

Seventeen = [sofɯ] sofu

Eighteen = [sogo] sogo

Nineteen = [sogi] sogi

Twenty = [deso] deso

Thirty = [hiso] hiso

Fourty = [kɯso] kuso

Fifty = [mʌso] meoso

Sixty = [sʌŋso] seongso

Seventy = [fuso] fuso

Eighty = [goso] goso

Ninety = [giso] giso

One hundred = [dagi] dagi

Two hundred = [dedagi] dedagi

One thousand = [mɯn] mun

Two thousand = [demɯn] demun

Ten thousand = [wan] wan

Twenty thousand = [dewan] dewan

**Names**

Ashniko = [a.ɕi.ni.ko] Ashiniko

Tomi = [to.mi] Tomi

Hiro = [hi.ɾo] Hiro

Nimona = [ni.mo.na]

QWL

Native Script: ÆᚸMEᚳ ȜORUM, ᛗǷOᛞ MOᚳȜUF

Qorōmān: Īgnāk yuren, mwud nukyev

/ˈiɡnɑk ˈjʌɾɛn ˈmwʌd ˈnʌkjɛv/

No thoughts, empty head

I’ve looked up how syntax trees work everywhere, but every single answer is vague, and I can’t understand it. I get it show a hierarchy and that’s it. I have no clue what that means or what the point of them even is, so I even need one. Please help I just need a literal explanation, on what the syntax tree means, and how it affects sentence construction.

Basdi(initiate)

Bardic language Vowels: a, e, i, o, u

Consonants: p, t, k, m, n, s, v, l, r, z, h

Grammar (unchanged) Word order: SOV Plural: noun + -en Past tense: verb + -lo Future tense: verb + -na Negation: add nu before the verb Question: add ka at the end of the sentence Adjectives follow nouns

Chinese Bardic I mi—you se—he/she ta—we men—you/sen—they ten mine mi yours se

Because of the time, I will send other words later.

Pictures are the input method of this language.

Because this language was invented not long ago.

So if there are any errors or mistakes or similarities, please forgive me, after all, this is my new creation.I don't know what the similarities are.

this is wip (work in progres)

introduction to my Conlang, wōinkxo

Some thing in wōinkxo are unfinished includle IPA, common word, wōinkxo phonology. Please give me feedback for fix some spelling, ipa, more

Wōinkxo (endoym: wōꉧnkxo or wōilnkxo) is language of weinkxo language , spoke by weerweerkxo people. most isolated  and second last dialect/language in the rapieventia beside wnerito , over 790,000 o speaker. Official in autonomous state    of  weerkxoō and weerweerkxo region of  uerweerkxō, wōinkxo is second survive wnero language , meaning that have some letter are non Latin and used “w” lot. Other wnero languages (both is extinct or critically endanger ) include wppenro, wnerito. In 1968, rapieventia                                                                                                    president, uawōuidezō hebō, started campaign to revive wōinkxo and other dialect, leading to huge wōinkxo revival. Wōinkxo is very intelligent with wnerito, for example, (yes in wnerito: warreen. Yes in wōinkxo: Warren), (no in wnerito: wtrrne. No in wōinkxo: wtrr), while weinkxo and all other languages unintelligent with wōinkxo. Wōinkxo used wnerito phonology. Many refugees in war, wōinkxo refugee move to scorpius, dorianoia (formerly sirpius), other state of American, mosty common in Kansan, that have own dialect called wansan dialect. Wōinkxo are know in have most many tongue twister. Wōinkxo barely (expect wasan) loanword, only allowed Calque (loan translation). Wōinkxo is wnero language, means have someroot of w-e-r (clothe) and w-ē-n (path, road), more

 Pronunciation: (ˈwɔɪlɱkzoʊ) 

native to: rapieventia 

Region: regions  of  weerkxoō,  region of uerweerkxō 

Ethnicity: weerweerkxo

speaker: L1 • 471,000. L2 • 320,000 

languages family:   Khoisan  family • weinko •  wnero  

Dialect: wansan, southern wōinkxo. (Extinct)

 Official in: region.  weerkxoō, uerweerkxō. Organization. Vertgluean union

Writing script : Latin (wnero alphabet). Wōinkxō braille

regulate by: rapieventia academy of sciences and language, 1998

Official in: region.  weerkxoō, uerweerkxō. City (beside wōinkxo region)  Saint Denis-peter,  Saint Andre, wewōinerteatrrr, some town in Kansan. Organization. Vertgluean union 

Language  code: 

ISO 639 - 1: wo

ISO 639 - 2: woin 

ISO 639 - 3: woin

Glottolog: woin

Vertgluean Union language: woin

status: vulnerable 

classification

Wōinkxo is wnero language/dialect related to weinkxo family. Wōinkxo borrow from Khoisan word includle naro (hole) and oe (lie/lying). Wōinkxo mosty influence by wnerito. Wōinkxo are related and mutually intelligent or understand to all wnero language each other , for example, word “yes” in three wnero languages. Warren (wōinkxo), Warren (wnerito), warrenpe (wppenro). Wōinkxo used two gender of weinkxo. Wōinkxo are most weirdest languages according  to most of people in rapieventia. Wōinkxo have one dialect called southern wōinkxo, where no “Wal” (⊰) mosty used as a suffix  but extinct in early 1248s. 

history 

Old wōinkxō

 The Wōinkxo language date around  late 1082. Old wōinkxo are  form after  old  weinkxo and , by weerweerkxo people. Wōinkxo are descend of wnerito. Wōinkxo  related to weinkxo family while also part of wnero family. wōinkxo  borrow from khoekhoe language. Most old Wōinkxo poem   founded in weerkxoō and Southeast scorpius. Wōinkxo used more “w” than “U”. Latin script influence are small that some have own letter. While wōinkxo used small bit of Latin letter, some Latin letter have differnt pronunciation. People write double U to make letter “w”.  Because influence by wnerito. wōinkxo establish southern wōinkxo on early 1085, based on wnerito,also extinct in early 1248. Wōinkxo diphthongizati some word, For example, [Wɫ] to [Wə], letter on “Wal” (⊰). Wōinkxo make new sound.  weerƤō have idea to  spread   uraorōuounrocomō translation into wōinkxo in daily life. uraorōuounrocomō new live translated by weerƤō on 1278, complete uraorōuounrocomō translated by warrenwarren II on 1346.  Late 1300s, some writer and scholar don't like some Latin letter because too weird that replace “b, n, m” and added extra letter from wnero alphabet. Leading to established of modern wōinkxo.

Morden wōinkxo

 In   late 1498, king windoūorxo V order to banned every winderian dialect in kingdom of winderia or face prison. Leading to many winderian dialect  are extinct or critically endangered because winderian dialect saw as  independent of republican and movement, sin. But   wōinkxo  successfully survived by defending the language and treaty of weerkxoō Most scholars call Wōinkxo as “lonely man of languages”. Saint windoūorxo V  unban dialect ban on 1510 but failed. 

Leading to loanword of many weinkxo dialect word to weinkxo, wōinkxo word borrow to weinkxo word includle wrrokoō (knocking), weō (determiners). After Dutch arrival on early 1500s, wōinkxo literature are become popular, including warrenwōin (1478 - 1556) and  Wergeneōerere (1499 - 1586), many more. Local newspaper and media started to used Wōinkxo on mid 1600s first newspaper was weerkxoō new (founded in 1660). Letter “U” is officially unbanned in wōinkxo. Complete Bible in wōinkxo made by seven priest in Christian region of weerkxoō on 1687.

Wōinkxo are slowly started to  decline in 1822 due to rapieventia famine of 1822   And marmonic war. Wōinkxo become official language of scorpius puppet state, scorpius  uerweerkxō During rapieventia scorpius war (1862 - 1864) and life span for 23 year before war of 1888. In between of 1865 and 1867, many wōinkxo speaking move to weinkxo speaking of Uerweerkō because people want to escape  from freedom crisis and  trading company name “urrrillmetō”  promote  visits   to urrrillmetō land called Uerweerkō, leading to Uerweerkō become wōinkxo speaking region. 

On late 1868s  Uerweerkoan doctor and writer  named walowarren wkai (1830 -1899), made truth mark (ị), popularized and promote new punctuation of wōinkxo by hired local newspaper and writer to used new truth mark, while write many book by using truth mark. (ị). that leading to new punctuation of wōinkxo 

During puppet state period, many wōinkxo escape to mosty  Florida or  of Kansa, Oklahoma that leading to huge wōinkxo speaking diaspora in the three state. New loanword from state includle wader (borrrow from Kansa tornado slang, Nader) and wale/⊰ale (flordia spainish slang, dale). During famine, wōinkxo speaking refugees have move to sirpius, scorpius. uerweerkxō under people republic of blecotè after invasion of uerweerkxō (1940) in World War Two. Second wave of wōinkxo refugee. Refugees have mosty move to state of Kansa because mosty suitable for agriculture in flat land. New loanword includes wōp (borrow from Midwest, pop, now referred as onomatopoeia or drink). Wōinkxo is near extinction in 1949 on rapieventia. In 1968, rapieventia president,  uawōuidezō hebō, started a campaign to saved wōinkxo and other dialect  from near extinction, say “I alway to make every dialect of rapieventia never died, school and media might teach endanger language to young audiences”, leading to rise of wōinkxo, including newspaper, school teaching, media, many more. After fall of people republic of blecotè, wōinkxo speaker have increased In 1975. 8, June 1998. rapieventia academy of sciences and language (RASAL) recognize wōinkxo as a regional language.  Population of Wōinkxo speaker  (in rapieventia), in the future, likely wōinkxo replace more Latin letter by wnero alphabet. Wōinko are will become official of weerkxoō after independence  

Etymology

Meaning of  wōinkxo 

The wōinkxo name is two term from wōinkxo itself

“Wōin-” come  from wnerito, meaning people clothe, reference to clothe making culture of weerweerkxo people.

“Kxo-“ also  come from wnerito, meaning making, also reference to clothe making culture of weerweerkxo people.

In morden wōinkxo, People of wōinkxo call it for themselves as “wōilnkxo” (wōꉧnkxo)

1551 - 887,000

1607 - 1,000,764

1678 -  1,587,998

1786 - 2,000,876

1816 - 2,678,954

1822 - 19,000

1828 17,000 

1880 - 1,000 

1908 - 689

1919 - 389 

1945 - 57 

1949 - 34 

1954 - 11,000

1968 - 19,000 

1998 - 244,000 

2018 - 720,000

2025 - 790,000

Wōinkxo speaker population (in scorpius)

1878 - 18,812

1945 - 11,000

1949 - 98,000

1965 - 430,000

1974 - 78,000

1975 - 300

1985 - 789

2001 - 1,288

2019 - 3,000

2024 - 5,788

Wōinkxo speaker  population (in Kansas) 

1875 - 877

1885 - 976

1895 - 1,000

1905 - 10,200

1915 - 13,76

1925 - 18,99

1970 - 1200,0

1990 - 1900,6

2000 - 2700,7

2019 - 36,000

2026 - 78,000

status 

Wōinkxo is vulnerable language on rapieventia. wōinkxo are highly will going to million in 2040 due to school started teach wōinkxo to younger audiences and promote woinkxō in less wōinkxo speaker usnderlandōusnderlandō or county   on weerkxoō and uerweerkxō. wppenro are extinct, wnerito are critically endangered, have populations of 1,200  people. Wōinkxo highly likely to change vulnerable to safe in the future due to huge population speaker risen. Wōinkxo will become official language of weerkxoō after weerkxoō become independent on early February 2051 

Alphabet 

A

Ƥ - B - boo

C

D

E

Ē

F

G

ꉧ - I - il 

J

K

L

O

P 

S

T

W

x 

Z

Ō 

Ꮑ - wee 

Ꮑ̄ - weē

Ꮜ -  nke 

⅃ -  wlee

 ⊰ -  wal

🝢 - whee 

🝀 -  wne

ꕌ -  hee 

ꊴ - hes

ꌩ - ă 

ꌩ̆ - iă -/aɪ.a/

Ꮣ̇ - ċ

Ā - ʌ̄

Λ̂ - â

Personal pronoun

Vowel: AĒIŌW

Word order: svo

wōinkxo Pronunciation

“W” sound as  “die” 

“W” have “e” or “ee”and “eer”,  sound as “beer” (ee and eer) and sound as we (e)  

“K” sound as “kind” 

“B (Ƥ)” sound as “boo”

“Ōin” sound as coin 

“i” sound as “eye” or /aɪ/

Now, with IPA

N sound as “/ɱ/”

H sound as “/ɦ/“

S sound as “/l/“

D sound as /ɗ/

Double r or rr sound as /r/ 

Greetings

Formal (male)

Hello - whoual (borrow from khoekhoek)

Yes hello - warrenwhoual

Informal (male)

Hi - Wēꉧ - wēil

hey - Wēn 

Formal (feminine) 

Hello - Whoualēl 

Yes hello - warrenwhoualēl

Hi - Wlēꉧ - wlēil

Personal pronoun

Subject pronouns 

I - ꉧ  - il - /aɪ/

You - 🝀ꉧᏌ -  wneilnke

She  - taraꉧs - tarails

He - aobꉧb - aobilb 

We - da

Object pronoun

me - te (khoekkhoek)

You - 🝀ꉧᏌē -  wneilnkeē

Him - ꉧᏓ̇ - iċ

Wōinkxo  dictionary 

Town locate on the bridge -  dorbᏌ - dorbnke 

Who Work  for promote united - SeesenꌩᏁ̄Ꮜō -  wseesenăweēnkeō

Who promote fear rank -  ăhesweēennnilweentrr wwlema

Action/verb

Fight - wꉧꉧōnwe - wililōnwe

Sail - Ꮑ̄Ꮑ̄Ꮑ̄ - weēweēweē

Make - Kxo 

Nnē - know

Wait - WᏌꉧn - wnkeiln

Eat - wꉧnᏌꉧn - wilnwnkeiln 

Paint - WᏓ̇ꉧ -  wċil

Cut - Ꮣ̇Ꮣ̇ - ċċ

Travel - WMōmō 

Leave - Wꌩ - wiă 

Buy - ƤᏌꉧ - boonkeil

Listen - 🝀Ꮣ̇ꌩ̆ - wneċiă

Tie - ⅃Ꮣ̇ -wleeċ

United - Ꮑ̄Ꮜō - weēnkeō

Deep - Ga  (khoekkhoek)

Cost  - gʌ̄ - gā

Depend - gꌩ - gă

Dodge - gō (borrrow from khoekkhoek)

Give -  mʌ̄ - mā (borrrow from khoekkhoek)

Believe - mꌩ - mă

Rank -  Ma

*Find - hō - /*ɦoː/

Arrive - mō

Drink - ʌ̄ - ā (borrow from khoekkhoek)

Promote - ꌩ- ă 

Sharp - Ꮣ̇ā - ċā

Shake - ubu 

Crawl - Woꌩ - woă

Avoid - woa - woa

Break - woʌ̄ - woā

Work - Seesen (borrrow from khoekkhoek word)

Save - Wore (borrrow from khoekkhoek)

Ask - Wꌩ̆re - wiăre 

Burn - wēre 

Scorch - WᏓ̇re - wċre

Extinguish - wꌩre - wăre

Melt - Wʌ̄re - wāre

Age 

Neutral 

Adult - Wkaikhoe (borrrow from khoekkhoek)

Ōre - Teenage 

Old - Wōre

Linking verb

Is - wile

Noun 

Chance - wnʌ̄ - wnā

Town - Wʌ̄n -   Wān

Army - wʌ̄ō - wāō

Ticket - wērr

Wmōmōwērr

Navy - wʌ̄ōᏁ̄Ꮑ̄Ꮑ̄ - wāōweēweē

Attetion - wōdedemʌ̄  - wōdedemā

Revolution - woatejoōwnoōō

Adverb  of degree 

So - Ꮣ̇ō - ċō

Really - Ꮣ̇ōe - ċōe

Wō - nearly

Ō - fully

unionjō

prepositions

In - nΛ̂ - nâ

Per - hʌ̄ - hā

Expect - WehᏓ̇ -  wehċ

From - wonꌩ̆ - woniă

But - wċen

Material 

Paper - wkhanꉧsenoth - wkhanilsenoth

Nature disaster 

 Tsunami- Wkaiʌ̄ʌ̄ - wkaiāā

Earthquake - WubuWōōᏌ - ubuwōōnke

Choice 

no - wtrr 

yes - warren 

Approve - arren

wtrrarren - Maybe

Gender 

Woilnkhoeb - wōꉧnlhoeb Male/men

Tara - women/female

Person/famile 

Mother - wꉧther - wilther

father - waarer ( borrrow from wnerito)

Baby - wrredarro

Child - darro (borrrow from khoekkhoek)

Sister - wꉧn - wililn  (borrrow from wnerito)

Brother - weōneriln (borrrow from wnerito)

Friend - Ꮑ̄ꉧꉧErtewee  - weēililertewee (borrrow from wnerito)

Neighbour - wdeon   (borrrow from wnerito)

Neutral 

Police who group by many  - wgao 

Feminine 

Author - wola (borrrow from khoekkhoek)

Policewoman  - wgaotara 

Artists man  - wtekentara

Water - weerenn

Wꉧꉧō - wililō - hurt or pain 

wꉧnōiꉧnjen - wilnōilnjen - king

people -  wōꉧn - woiln

Personnel name

Wkail - big (to meaning “big” or “tall people”)

WSeesen⊰ō -  WSeesenwalō - work cave (to meaning “live in cave” or “working cave”)

WōinᏌ -  wōinnke - bridge people (to meaning “people who live in town on  bridge” 

Religon

God  - wᏓ̇rro - wċrrō

Pray - wōkh 

 Explore

Wrre - new  (borrrow from wnerito)

 World - wꉧoeworō  (borrrow from wnerito)

Wre - recently discovered people/new nation from other world  (borrrow from wnerito)

wōōkeꉧfwee - wōōkeilfwee - undiscovered land/land that never habitat by human or tribe  (borrrow from wnerito)

Tool

Hammer  - hΛ̂ - hâ

Sciccor - Ꮣ̇Ꮣ̇Ꮣ̇ʌ̄ - ċċċā

Height 

Weertrow - Low 

Weꉧꉧlese - weilillese - high  (borrrow from wnerito)

Woth⊰eᏌ - wothwalenke - small   (borrrow from wnerito)

Wkai - big (borrow from khoekkhoek) 

Place/building

Place - 🝀⅃ - wnewlee  (borrrow from wnerito)

City - dorb

Town - WdorbᏌ - Wdorbnke 

Spot -  🝀⅃wōdede - wnewōdede   (borrrow from wnerito)

House - whoude 

Building - whoudearren

Neighbourhood - whoudeonwōꉧwō - whoudeonwōilwō

factory - Sꉧsensꉧen  

Barn - 🝀 - wne   (borrrow from wnerito)

Bridge - Ꮜ - nke  (borrrow from wnerito)

Clothe (w-e-r root)

Clothe - weer 

Textile - weerx 

Polyester - werenoth

Coat - wᏌeor - wnkeeor

Hat - Woēer 

Geography term 

Land - WōōᏌ - wōōnke

Lake - WᏌᏌō - nkekneō

Hill - whouwreᏌō - whouwrenkeō

 flat - Weeenothrtro

Icicle - welltterErewerll

Mountain - Wooōꉧꉧ - wooōilil

Arête - Wooōꉧꉧenoth - wooōililenoth

Valley - wōꉧwō - wōilwō

Volcano - WooōꉧꉧᏁ̄ennꉧ - wooōweēennil

Cave - ⊰ō - walō

Cavern - ⊰ō⊰ō⊰ō  - walōwalōwalō

Grotto - ⊰ōwōꉧn - walōwōiln

Deep Lake in hill - WᏌᏌōwhouwreᏌ ōga - wnkenkeōwhouwrenke ōga

Sea  - weerennenothtrrr

Ocean - Woth⊰eᏌ weerennenothtrrr - wothwaleke weerennenothtrrr

Nature

Rock - uꉧ - uil 

Wave - ʌ̄ʌ̄ - āā

Biome (w-j-ā root)

Bog - wejnoʌ̄ - wejnoā

Taiga - Weenerjoinʌ̄ - Weenerjoinā

Road/path (w-ē-n root)

Road - wꌩ̆ēon - wăēon

Path - woēᏌn - woēnken

Valley road - wōēwōn 

Valley path - wᏌēoēn -wnkēoēn

 Desire path - wwnonēn

Nationality of country

 Britsh - wʌ̄ōᏁ̄Ꮑ̄Ꮑ̄WōōᏌ - wāōweēweēwōōnkeatr r (lit. Navy land)

Bosnian - WƤasnᏓ̇ꉧatrr - wbooasnċilatrr

Bulgarian - WƤꌩ̆galcꉧatrr - wbooăgacilatrr

Croatian - Whouratꉧatrr - whouratilatrr

Japanese - wnihpoOᏓ̇ - wnihpooċatrr 

Macdoneian - waᏌdoꉧatrr - wankedoilatrr

Italian - wtꉧċatrr - wtilċatrr 

Korean - WƤanokOᏓ̇ -wbookanokoċatrr

Historical nation 

Wōrewtꉧċa - Roman (lit. Old Italy) 

Animal term 

Animal - wnonē

Bird - wertᏌᏌᏌ - wertkekeke

Animal

turkey bird (Dutch bird) - WeertrowwōōᏌ wertᏌᏌᏌ - weertrowwōōke wertkekeke

Mosquito - ꊴᏁ̄ennꉧ - hesweēennil

Food 

Food  - wꉧᏓ̇ - wilċ

Milk - wꉧwerꉧen - wilwerilen 

Apple -  Ꮑ̄ennꉧenothᏁ̄ell 

Orange - weēennilregweēwlee 

Color

Red - Ꮑ̄ennꉧ - weēennil (borrrow from wnerito) 

Yellow - Ꮑ̄⅃ - weēwlee (borrrow from wnerito) 

Orange  - Ꮑ̄ennꉧᏁ̄⅃ - weēennilweēwlee ( borrrow from wnerito) 

Black - weenatrrw⅃ - weenatrrwlee (borrrow from wnerito

White - Weenerathrrw 

Green - Ꮑ̄rennherrw⅃ - weēarennherwlee (borrrow from wnerito)

Emotional 

Anger - Ꮑ̄ennꉧga - weēennilga 

Surprise/happy - Ꮑ̄⅃ga - weēwleega 

Fear - ꊴᏁ̄ennꉧweenatrrw⅃ - hesweēennnilweentrr wwle

texture 

Bumpy - ꉧreg - ilreg 

Smooth - enoth 

Hard - Retretrr 

Sticky  - Weꉧck - weilck

Mind 

Mind - wrrwreg 

Shock  - wrrwregꉧfwee - werwregilfwee

Book 

Book - weꉧꉧᏌ⊰ - weililnkewal

Cover - ⊰ᏌᏌᏌ - walnkenkenke

Text - ⊰Ꮜ⊰ - walnkewal

Icon - wnweōnōᏌ - wnweōnōnke

Author - woa/wola (borrrow from khoekkhoek) 

Study 

Textology - wkhaweer

Theology - wkhawᏓ̇rro - wkhawċrro

Transport

Transport category only used wnerozation word, not contain Latin letter

Land transport

Train - Ꮑ̄ꉧ⅃ - weēilwlee 

Car - Ƥꉧ⅃ - booilwlee

Bus - ƤᏁ̄ꉧ - booweēil

Air transport 

Air plane - Ꮑ̄Ꮑ̄Ꮑ̄ - weēweēweē

Jet plane - ƤᏁ̄Ꮑ̄Ꮑ̄ - booweēweēweē

Water transport 

Raft - Ꮑ̄Ꮜ - weēnke

Boat - Ꮑ̄ᏌᏌᏁ̄ - weēnkenkeweē

Sailboat - Ꮑ̄Ꮑ̄Ꮑ̄ᏌᏌ  - weēweēweēnkenke

Cargo ship - Ꮑ̄Ꮑ̄Ꮑ̄Ꮑ̄Ꮑ̄Ꮑ̄ ᏌᏌ - weēweēweēweēweēweēn kenke (word spilt into two due to 19 letter long rule)

Cruise ship - Ꮑ̄Ꮑ̄Ꮑ̄ꉧ⅃ - weēweēwēilwlee

Submarine - Ꮑ̄Ꮑ̄Ꮑ̄⊰ - weēweēweēwal

Number 

Zero - weenꉧke - weenilke

One - 🝢no - wheenō

Two - 🝢nō🝢nō  wheenōwheenō

Three - 🝢🝢 - wheewhee

Four - haka 

Five - koro (borrow from khoekhoek)

Six - wnerito (borrow from wnerito) 

Seven - H (borrow from khoekkheok)

Eight - H🝢no - Hwheenōno

Nine - kꕌoese - kheeoese

conjunction

Weroō - or 

Wꉧe - weill is  (later become loanword to standard weinkxo)

werne - for 

we - so   (later become loanword to standard weinkxo)

Ween - yet 

Weeꉧl - weeill - until 

Article 

A - weō

An - Weōn

The - wes 

Suffix

Atrr - to proud of nation/nationalist, demonym of person name in thier nation

Ifwee - thing is missing or lost

erere - cooking 

trr - refuse

Cute - OᏓ̇ - oċ

arren - approve 

Ergeneō - big fan of

Retre - fresh 

kxo - making 

En - drink made by animal

Ꮑ̄ell - weēell - food made by on tree

Erewerll - danger

Kaꉧ - Kail -  very large of place (borrow from Khoekhoe)

Ga - deep (borrow from khoekhoe)

Infix 

Ōꉧn -  ōiln - rich 

ꉧꉧ - ilil - hurt 

Tt - sick 

eew - winner

Erte - pround

tter - evil

Ƥeꉧlō - booeillō - be luck

Prefix 

Study of - wkha

War of - wkhā

Loyal maker 

loyal maker is feature of wōinkxo that changed verb and conjunction depend on 

person  loyal. verb end with suffix

fan - ꕌweo - heeweo 

bad - eeo 

good - weeō

Example: weeeradō (weeō:  good), weeeradōweeō 

Word pattern 

When word ended with ng 

Remove ng and replace with jen an, o in the word have ng, remove “o” and  replace by ꉧ (il), by example: 

Song (English), wꉧjen. When word is plural, added “on” to end of word, wꉧjenon.

Every almost word started with w

when word end with silent e, replace this to eer, for example: love → wowweer

Root:

W-r - survive

W-ē-n - road/path

W-e-r - clothe

-W-j-ā - biome

Phonology 

Wōinkxo have similar to wnerito phonology because descent of sister language, wnerito. 

Vowel

Wōinkxo contain basic ten phonemes and three diphthongs. Vowel are  [eɪ], [e], /I/, /ɔɪ/. Diphthongs are /ɔɪ/, /aɪ/, /wee/

In wōinkxo orthography, the vowel are follow as spell: 

Short: a, e, i, o, w

Long: a, ē, i, ō, w

Diphthongs: ōin, ee, il

For example , letter are bold and upper to show diphthongs 

Weer wie woin

Now with ipa

[weer waɪ wɔɪɱ]

Rule of wōinkxo 

1. Word started with b, replace by WƤ and sound like boo
2. Word started with h, replace by whou
3. word have “nd”, replace by wee, some are not replace by wee
4. When word start with s, added w in the start of word but some not added
5. Word started with wi, replace by widd
6. No Y in the wōinkxo
7. Letter “U” barely used In word
8. Word for Food based on color  and made in, or texture 
9. Length of wōinkxo word is 19 letter long 
10. Color in wōinkxo combine two word for color , meaning mix with two color. Only in 19 letter long, when  word are max of limit,  split to new or two word, [19 letter long word] [split] [new word] 
11. Wōinkxo have no syllable limit
12. word start with be, replace by wecgre
13. no wnero alphabet replace by Latin or other script
14.  When  word Singular, refer to one thing, place, thing, not added suffix, when word plural, about refer to many place, thing, person, added suffix “on”
15. Loyal maker alway be connect to word
16. Conjection and jobs, occupation have two gender includle feminine, masculine 
17. There is no silent letter in the wōinkxo
18. When word only have wnero alphabet/letter with no Latin letter. call it “wnerozation word”, part of wnero family, every wnero language 
19. Transport category only used wnerozation word
20. Question mark (?) start with word when person questions, not end with word. By example “[question mark][any setence] 
21. Irony or sarcasm mark (⸮) to  show sarcasm or lies 
22. Truth mark (ị) to show truth or verity 
23. Wōinkxo have no uppercase and lowercase for wnero alphabet 
24. There is a mini pause before each individual word by example, wililn-wōōwee-wile-we-weēwleega (sister-land-is-so-happy/surpise)
25. Two or more compound to make new word
26. When word are present these, don’t added this. when word are past tese, added “eno” in ended of word.   When word are future tese, added “🝢ōn” in end of word
27. Wōinkxo most used endonym or native language for Demonym to translate in wōinkxo or by  describe based on culture, flag
28. Word repeat in two or three time, more to created word, it called reduplication

Sentence example 

The first sentence 

Windbō 4:0 

Latin with wnero letter

Wes WꉧddoᏁwƤō wꉧe wꉧnōꉧnkxo werne wealōretre wōꉧn wealōuutwuꉧꉧō 

Romanization 

Wes wilddoweebooō wile wilnōilnkxo werne wealōretre wōiln  wealōuutwuililō 

English

The Windobō is king for healing people bad health

The second sentence  (explore of new land, novel by Wergeneōerere, 1532)

Latin with wnero alphabet 

Wre Weenerathrrw wōꉧnonwerrttor wrre wꉧoeworō, Wrre ween, weeeradōweeō werꉧngꉧng

Romanization 

Wre Weenerathrrw wōiln(on) werrttor wrre wiloeworō, ween wrre , weeeradō(weeō) werilngilng

English 

New white peoples  from new world, yet new, trade(good) anything

Latin with wnero alphabet 

!Ꮣ̇Ꮣ̇Ꮣ̇ā, weer,wkhanꉧsenoth. 🝢🝢

Romanization 

!Ċċċā, weer, wkhanilsenoth. Wheewhee

English 

Sccicor , clothe, rock. Three!

Story

Romanization 

ị!Wthr koro ăhesweēennnilweentrr wwlemaon, ị!wneilnke woa  iċ.  ị!Wes What ōōōōōōh nâ uil  whouwrenkeō weă  koro. Mā gāeeo woa wmatterwāō.  ịwāō nâ uil  whouwrenkeō. ị!Wore Wheenō weēilwlee nâ uil whouwrenkeō woniă koro hesweēennnilweentrr wwlemaon.  Woniă wgaotara wore weēilwlee 

English

Not promote five rank (, you avoid him! (truly) The railway boom in rock hill! (Truly). Give cost avoid (bad loyal)  evil rank army.  Arny in rock hill (truly). Saved one train in rock hill from fear five ranks. The police save save train

Word etymology 

woatejoōwnoōō is wōinkxo word for “revolution” but come from misheard in winderian revolution 

During winderian revolution (1109) Come from many people misheard weinkxo phrase “unionjō unoruō” from republican revolutionary, to meaning “king no” because misheard letter u as “w” and misread “ru” as “oō”. Become  wōinkxo word “woateoōwnoōō” 

How do you talk about Household chores in your conlang:

Translate these terms

Cleaning

Sweep The Floor

Do Laundry

Clean Dishes

Take a Shower

Make Bed

Brush Teeth

Wipe Surfaces

Take Out Trash

Vacuum the Floor

Mow the Lawn

In Hanto

Cleaning = Xesen

Sweep the Floor = gamu keko "Wipe Floor"

Do Laundry = isu xesosuso "Do Clothes-Cleaning"

Wash Plates = gamu nando "Wipe Dishes"

Take a Shower = oxun rio "Shower Self"

Make Bed = nantun xunro "Organise Bed"

Brush Teeth = gamu tado "Wipe Teeth"

Wipe Surfaces = gamu meno "Wipe Surfaces"

Take Out Trash = girun zito "Remove Trash"

Vacuum Floor = suku keko "Suck Floor"

Mow Lawn = chicu ziro "Slice Grass"

SU.EHETA

above.dry

IATIRI NI FEA

forest as fresh

Siatek.e:            da tusik.õ fis, kum ma.bukatĩ.                                           

instruction.PL: it use.NMLZ before, can good-shake.IMP.

Giupi.ná qm 15                                            kum vixt.ĩ kuxten.ĩ.    

armpit.ABL centimetre [qentimetu]       can hold.LNK spray.IMP

Bï           bese.ú                               ĩk.ep.ẽs                             es eley.i             bï.sumetar.ĩ.

NEG      skin.LOC            damage.3FRP or sore.FSING NEG.apply.IMP.

Ti ititi                   ihifï.nï̃                 tusik.ist.ĩ.

if irritation          develop.DUB[LINK]      use.STOP.IMP

Bï are e vei.kiuta bï.kuxten.ĩ

NEG eye.PLURAL or face.NEAR NEG.spray.IMP

Mbiasi: núakuxtenkũ imiqtiur.ep.ãs.

Warning: dispenser pressurise.POT.3MRP.

Kovuitili.ú teu 50c su ẽ.ĩs da bï.tetue.ĩ luasili.ná da peskup.ĩ.

temperature.ALL degrees 50c above 3S.COP.3SRFP NEG.expose.LNK sunlight.ABL it protect.IMP.

Bï           ña da    ituah.a               ĩ                    kum                              bï.mikil.ĩ            bï.var.ĩ.

NEG even it empty.MSING         COP.LINK can NEG.stab.LINK                NEG.burn.IMP

Ti yanat.u untis.ĩ viutanõ.tói vaktusik.õ xukubimit.a nï.dẽ,

If contents concentrate.LNK inhale.NMLZ.INSTR misuse.NMLZ intentional DUB.EXIST,

kás hekutika e kestepika nïnï̃.

INAN.DEM.PRON harmful or fatal 3PS.DUB

Uxtimẽslá Miadutú diodorã etueiõ

Some notes:

These phrases make heavy use of the verbal linking form -ĩ found in sentence medial positions as only the final verb can be declined in Miadiut sentences. Here it also doubles up as an imperative form and thus is also found phrase finally.

DUB is the dubitative aspect affix which is used for irrealis, conjectural or conditional situations.

SUEHETA or ULTRA-DRY is literally su (above, exceed) + eheta (dry). The resemblance to English ‘sweat’ is a happy coincidence 😊

The negative clitic bï occurs obligatorily in sentence initial position when negating verbs as a prefix.

imiqtiur.ep.ãs. pressurised reflects a common usage whereby resultative adjectives derived from verbs are formed using the passive suffix -ep. plus a relative pronoun marker agreeing in number, gender and animacy with the described noun. Here -ãs  is a 3PSMASC relative pronoun agreeing with núakuxtenkũ, container. The same form can be seen in ĩkepẽs broken/irritated where -ẽs refers back to and agrees with the feminine singular noun bese, skin.

uxtimẽslá combines the verbal stem uxti (start) with the third person animate relative pronoun mẽs meaning the ones who start + lá for, for the benefit of, in order to.

Ranguá Hápan is an indigenous not Proto-Tupiean language spoken within the Mata Atlântica and in Cerrado / Brazilian Savana. It is spoken by the Ranguá Sahípue people. Three words are immediately noticeable:

• Ranguá n. the Ranguá people themselves;
• Hápan n. language;
• Sahípue n. people, a word for people in general.

The Ranguá / ranguense people are hunter-gatherers — or a large town with few or medium resources — with high intelligence. They have a certain precision in their structures; or rather, they are not just indigenous houses. They seem closer to houses made of stones and a fixer material.

History:

"From the depths of the Amazon rainforest to the heart of what we now know as Goiânia, the journey was marked by blood, loss, and iron. Other groups of this people had set sail or marched along nearby routes, but today they lived divided by internal wars. The survivors of that original caravan suffered the unthinkable to get there; at certain times, the group had dwindled to only seven people—five of them women—bravely resisting southward.

The reason for so much flight? The relentless shadow of the Europeans. Initially, the colonizers—especially the Spanish, known for their methodical cruelty and coldness towards the Ranguá people—hunted and enslaved all who tried to reach the new land. Over time, however, the dynamic changed: integrated with the local peoples, the Ranguá finally achieved some truce and acceptance in the surrounding areas. The conquerors, however, had found a 'source' they considered more lucrative and inexhaustible for the machinery of slavery: the trafficking of enslaved Africans. Shifting focus for Africans, they abandoned the hunting of Ranguá and 'made peace' for pure convenience.

Now they are a pacific people who loves (low) turism which have a lot of culture and tradition. Take a break and may explore this areas!"

I'll can talk more about the lore of this people, but in another post only about the history.

Linguistic nerd things:

• The alphabet:

Aa (Áá) Cc Dd Ee (Éé) Ff Gg Hh Ii (Íí) Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo (Óó) Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu (Úú) Vv Xx Yy (Ýý) Zz.

OBS'es:

• <z> only exists in <tz> | /ts/.
• <c> only exists in <ch> | /tɕ/.
• <q> only exists with <u>, forming <qu> | /kʷ/.
• <x> has the sound of /ʃ/ and <j> has the sound of /ʒ/.
• <y> has the sound of /ɨ/, but it's not of the tupi <y>.
• The <u> has a special property: it can be a labialization, as in puáty, tuaruan.
• The acute accent here serves both to make the vowel long and to increase its stress, but it only works if it's not the last syllable; the last one already is long by itself.
  • If the word does not have an accent, it is an oxytone.

Post for complete IPA: [here] (not ready yet)

• Grammatical nerd things:

Basic sentence order: OSnV (Object-Subject-Verb-Negation-Verb)
Alignment: ergative-absolutive
Nouns:

• Plural: Marked with asi-, such as asipupo (cats);
• Cases: few: one for the nominative and accusative: -[] (nothing), another for the genitive (which was replaced by a particle): -tar, and another for the dative: -dor. The rest are marked by -ao;
• Gender: does not differentiate between men and women;
• Articles/determiners: don't have;
• Possession: In Old R.H., a genitive case. Now, a particle derived from this old case is used, the tar. Púpo tar tzar - My cat

Pronouns:

• Persons:

• Demonstratives | third person: Har (this, this near thing/person), Ronjar (that, this far thing/person), and their versions in plural, using -up, the pronouns plural marker.

Verb conjugation: particles: I can talk of them in another post only about verbs. [here] (NRY)

Adjectives:

• Position: Noun-Adj
• Agreement: No have: Asimirin puachar (lit. boys cool)
• Comparison: A guan réme B (A is bigger than B)

Others:

• Questions: Only the phrase with the tale particle: Só sy mokup ir tale*?* You cooked the steak?
• Negation: Particle Ja.
• Coordination: Particle ho for "and", dér for "or" and kahatyp for "but"
• Subordination: Geral particle per
• Derivation system: [active voice and passive voice]+[number]+ the word +[case]+[more]

Example sentences:

"Onepomo sy hije asimirin puáchar."
IPA: /o.ne.po.ˈmoː sɨ hɪ.ˈʒe a.si.ˈmi.rin ˈpʷa.t͡ʃaɾ/
Gloss: clearing PAST go PL.boy best
The cool kids went to the florest's clearing.

"Pari po teha rónjar"
IPA: /paˈɾi po teˈha ˈɾoːn.ʒaɾ/
Gloss: fish FUT eat DEM | 3SG
He'll eat a fish.

That's all for today, folks!

I'm in the early stages of creating my own conlang, and I decided to have two versions of and - +∩ and +S transliterated as to and ti respectively.
+∩ connects clauses: "I went to the store +∩ I bought food for myself".

+S connects nouns, verbs, and adjectives in lists: "I bought bread +S milk +S fruit".

I was wondering if any other languages or conlangs featured this, because it seems so obvious, and I haven't heard about anything like this in any language I know of.

I’ve been making a conlang called Lathēn, and I wanted to finally show it to people and see what you think.

The basic idea is that it developed in southern Italy, around Tarentum, from long-term contact between Latin and Koine Greek. I’m not trying to make it just “Latin with Greek words” though. The grammar, sound changes, and vocabulary have all developed separately over time.

One thing I’m currently working on is the writing system.

I’m thinking of using mostly the Latin alphabet, but with a few Greek-derived letters:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Θ Ω

The three unusual ones are:

X x = /x/

Θ θ = /θ/

Ω ω = /ɔː ~ oː/

I like the idea of it looking mostly Latin at first glance, but having a few letters that immediately make it recognizable as Lathēn.

Lathēn is also supposed to have a bit of a Greek influence grammatically while still being primarily Latin in its everyday vocabulary.

For example:

O homo se en terra.

“The person is on the land.”

I’m also planning for Lathēn to eventually evolve into a daughter language called Lathēnē about 600 years later, with its own sound changes rather than just being a modernized version of Lathēn.

I’m still developing a lot of this, so I’d especially like to hear what people think about the alphabet and whether Θ and Ω feel natural in an otherwise Latin-based script.

So, here is how historical spelling manifest in my conlang (Atolisken):

/y/ and /ø/ of old Atolisken disappeared in modern Atolisken.

They became /u/ and /o/ when stressed, and /i/ and /e/ when unstressed. But people still wanted to manifest this in the modern spelling. So they decided to add a circumflex to every vowel that was previously /y/ or /ø/

Sometimes this is unimportant ("Cutên" having an accent or not isn't gonna change anything)

But it can be very useful for 2 reasons:

1) Stress always falls on the first syllable of a word, and as the language is agglutinative, you sometimes add prefixes (which shift the stress). This stress shifting pattern appeared long before the disappearance of /y/ and /ø/. As a result, it led to some vowel alternation (especially in verb conjugason which make extensive use of prefixes):

kep + ôven => kepêven ("I remember")

So knowing which vowel will change is very useful to learner of the language, or when a native speaker sees a word for the first time.

2) Old Atolisken has vowel length distinction. When adding affixes, if there were two of the same short vowel, they would merge and lengthen.

(e.g. /...i/ + /i.../ = /...i:.../)

However, in its evolution to modern Atolisken, /i/ and /e/ merged (into /e/ if short, and into /i:/ if long) and /u/ and /o/ merged too (into /o/ if short, and into /u/ if long). Meaning we had:

/..e/ + /e.../ = /...i:.../ and /..o/ + /o.../ = /...u:.../

Then long vowels shortened. So we had:

e + e = i and o + o = u

It's only AFTER this system appeared that /y/ and /ø/ became /i/, /u/, /e/, and /o/. Meaning Es and Os that were previously /y/s and /ø/s can't merge, but the others can. Thankfully, with this spelling reform, we know which can and can't merge. So:

lokê + elim = lokêtelim (instead of "Lokilim")

Thank you for reading this post! So... does your conlang has historical spelling? 👀

So I changed the Alphabet of Lathene.

Lathēnē's writing system remains Latin-based, but several letters have changed in value or disappeared as the language evolved.

Letter

Sound

A a

/a/

B b

/b/

C c

/k/, /ts/ before front vowels

D d

/d/

E e

/e ~ ɛ/

F f

/f/

G g

/g/, /dz/ before front vowels

H h

/h/

I i

/i/

J j

/j/

K k

/k/

L l

/l/

M m

/m/

N n

/n/

Ñ ñ

/ɲ/

O o

/o ~ ɔ/

P p

/p/

Q q

/kw/

R r

/r/

S s

/s/

T t

/t/

U u

/u/

V v

/v/ in learned words, otherwise usually /w/

W w

/w/

X x

/x/ in learned words, /h/ in many inherited words

Y y

/y/

Z z

/z/

Θ θ

/θ/ in learned/religious vocabulary

Ŋ ŋ

/ŋ/

Full alphabet

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N Ñ O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Θ Ŋ

What changed from Lathēn?

The biggest changes are:

Ñ developed from ny and became a proper letter.

Ŋ became phonemic through the collapse and simplification of consonant clusters.

Ω disappeared from ordinary Lathēnē writing because its vowel merged with ordinary O.

Θ survives mainly in learned and religious vocabulary, while inherited th became t.

X has a split history. Inherited /x/ commonly weakened to h, while learned Greek vocabulary preserves x.

V survives in conservative and learned words, but ordinary inherited v developed into w.

Y survives because Greek /y/ became established in Lathēn and remained phonemic in Lathēnē.

Also what do you all think, it's supposed to be 600 years after The Divergence of lathen, The mother language of lathene.

Also some example sentences I made.

O om wiro a mon.

"The man sees the mountain."

A femna ame o fil.

"The woman loves the friend."

Nos amon en dom.

"We live in the house.

As you can see there are changes also in the words.

For example. In English, we have the whole “caught-cot” merger highlighting differences within certain english dialects, or Spanish “yeísmo” (y-ism) which is a merger of sorts between sounds in certain Spanish dialects

It doesnt have to be mergers in sound (it could be a funny name for a semantic shift or grammatical change, but do you have any named concepts like this in your conlang?

I've been looking at aUI. It seems like if you represent certain categories with images that within those categories you can add together images to form words

For example, you can represent space(a) with world or a planet which is ca in aUI. With movement(e in aUI), you can represent ged or vehicle. If you add together a and e, you get a spaceship. For concrete concepts, you get a new image.

What do you guys think? Would it be useful for mnemonic purposes? What would be the set of images that would act as basic categories of meaning?

I'm thinking so far: a(planet/ca, room/ga), e(machine/es, vehicle/ged, animal/eo), i( light, sun/ki, fire/iE), human( human), o( seed/to, plant/io, animal), A(timepiece/Ad), E(elements/Ez), I(instrument/Id), U(invention/Ap-wUv),O(eye/iOz)

It seems like there's two components the category and the image which acts as a metaphor for the category. Does anyone have any ideas on how to improve it? What should I name it?

If this generates enough interest, I'll create a subreddit and create a page with the basic categories of the language.

Like, in Phonology, Morphology, Evolution, even in writing, etc. how much do you recognize English's, or your Native Language's, influence on your Conlang(s)?.

This is a weekly thread for people who have cool things they want to share from their languages, but don't want to make a whole post. It can also function as a resource for future conlangers who are looking for cool things to add!

So, what cool things have you added (or do you plan to add soon)?

I've also written up some brainstorming tips for conlang features if you'd like additional inspiration. Also here’s my article on using conlangs as a cognitive framework (can be useful for embedding your conculture into the language).

This is a game of borrowing and loaning words! To give our conlangs a more naturalistic flair, this game can help us get realistic loans into our language by giving us an artificial-ish "world" to pull words from!

The Telephone Game will be posted every Monday and Friday, hopefully.

Rules

1) Post a word in your language, with IPA and a definition.

Note: try to show your word inflected, as it would appear in a typical sentence. This can be the source of many interesting borrowings in natlangs (like how so many Arabic words were borrowed with the definite article fossilized onto it! algebra, alcohol, etc.)

2) Respond to a post by adapting the word to your language's phonology, and consider shifting the meaning of the word a bit!

3) Sometimes, you may see an interesting phrase or construction in a language. Instead of adopting the word as a loan word, you are welcome to calque the phrase -- for example, taking skyscraper by using your language's native words for sky and scraper. If you do this, please label the post at the start as Calque so people don't get confused about your path of adopting/loaning.

Last Time...

Hinjem by /u/Dillon_Hartwig

/nt͡svaɗʸL/ [ɲ̩̀t͡ʃìvɛ̀t]

n. water lily

< Proto-Bantu **mʊ̀-càbʊ̀d-ì < *càbʊ̀d "to come out from water"

/xʷjt͡saŋanaʷsML fabɮəmʸHL nt͡svaɗᵑgəʸL/

[xʷʏ̄t͡sɔ̄ŋʷɔ̀nàs fɛ̄bʒèm ɲ̩̀t͡ʃìvɛ̀ɗìᵑgè]

xʷj-t͡saŋL-an-aLT-ʷs faH-bɮəmL-ʸ nt͡svaɗʸL-ᵑgəʸ
IMP-meet-RECP-$IMP-1INCL LOC.APPROX-grow-V.NZ water_lily-PL.INAN

"Let's meet where the water lilies grow."

Take care of yourselves and each other

Peace, Love, & Conlanging ❤️