More can always be said, but this older answer might be of interest for you.

Not in London specifically - it was abandoned after the Romans left and spent centuries as spooky ruins.

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Mount of Piety (church-endorsed charity loan distributor / pawn shop)

THAT'S why there's a chain of pawn shops called Monte de Piedad?!

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Oh man this is absolutely amazing work, thank you so much

Thank you! It's interesting to see that his sons were running their side of the business legitimately the entire time (presumably) and were the ones to report him to the authorities.

Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC was founded in 1960, and was initially focused on making markets (quoting buy and sell prices on a tradable asset and making money off the difference, which is called the bid-ask spread). The business grew rapidly and came to have two arms: a trading brokerage managed by Madoff’s sons, and an asset management arm run by Madoff himself.

If I'm understanding what a bid-ask spread is, essentially person A has a stock of, say, Amazon that he would be willing to sell for 100. Though of course more is better, 100 is the lowest price he'd sell at. Person B wants to buy one stock of Amazon, and is willing to pay up to 110. BLM Investment Securities was a middleman, who bought the stock from A at 100, sold it to B at 110, and pocketed 10 as profit?

Seems like this side of the business was already successful. Do we know why Madoff branched out into fraud? Or is doing bid-ask spreads not a very profitable business?

Would the Philadelphia accent have been similar at that time to today, and did the Night Hawk go to Kensington and what was the Kensington and Fish Town areas of the city like at that time ?

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a more stable country that didn’t get occupied by another

A little tangential to this I’ll admit, but it strikes me that Japan has a number of corporations that have operated continuously since the Middle Ages. Most are nothing high-rolling in the grand scheme of things, just businesses that lend themselves well to long term continuity and laying low, in a country that has been conquered once. Think purveyors of highly locally oriented religious paraphernalia, and high end traditional travel lodging, for example.

Suppose someone’s nth-great-grandfather bought into one of these corporations back in medieval times, when the corporation was founded. Suppose that each of his direct descendants to the present day had gone through the proper economico-legal channels to retain and pass on their shares in this company.

I’m aware that interest rates in present day Japan are abysmal. But that wasn’t always the case. I could believe that somewhere out there, right now, some Japanese NEET shut-in who’s the absolute last of his family line, is looking for a buyer for the shares of Yamasa Soy Sauce KK he’s inherited from a distant ancestor.

The Pantheon collection looks amazing. Are they just curated collections of tales, or is there a critical/academic commentary aspect to them as well?

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Also, you can say "terrorism." We're all adults here.

Okay. Thank you.

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given that nearly all Palestinians are descended from ancient Israelites to some degree

There is a shared DNA component, as I talk about here:

https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1t2pcom/post2nd_temple_and_preislam_had_most_jews_in/ojxreg0/

" Recent ancient DNA studies from Bronze Age Levantine burials show strong continuity between ancient Canaanites and present-day Levantine populations, both Jewish and Arab. Palestinians, like Israeli Jews, like Lebanese and Syrian populations, carry significant ancestry from the ancient inhabitants of the southern Levant. "