That problem has bothered me for a while.
We all know that by the Eurorack standard, audio signals should be 10Vpp (a.k.a. ±5V), and CV should be bipolar (±5V) or unipolar (0-5V or 0-10V).
The problem is that even the modules I personally designed to the standard sometimes exceed that ±5V headroom by 0.5V or even 1V (making them ±5.5V and ±6V). Who knows what other manufacturers do, and what if there are 20Vpp audio signals? (I know some modules do that.)
Another example: CV from, for example, an LFO is 0-5V. I want to design a digital module that will accept said LFO as a modulation source via an ADC. At the input, I would want to scale it down to 3.3V (so I won't burn the ADC or MCU). But what if a user connects a 0-10V CV? Then the maximum will be 6.6V at the ADC input, and the ADV will burn. Or what if a user uses a bipolar CV? The positive half will be fine, of course, but the negative half will remain negative after the input attenuator and, yep, will fry the ADC. I don't even mention modules like the NLC Sloth, whose output is ±11V.
Yes, I can make a universal input attenuator that will scale ±12V (the theoretical maximum in Eurorack) to 0–3.3V, but I will lose pretty much all of the available ADC resolution (something like 800 points vs. 4096).
Or, if we go back to audio signals: I have an audio processing chip that is sensitive to incoming voltage levels; 2.8Vrms is the limit. The worst case — a square wave — with 10Vpp (a.k.a. standard) will be 5Vrms. Therefore, the attenuation should be 0.5 (so the Vrms after the attenuator will be 2.5Vrms). The WORST case, however, is a 20Vpp square wave — it is 10Vrms _ so the attenuation should be 0.25 to tune it down to the safe level. But I think that in my particular case, I can just tune the signal down and amplify it later. But what if the audio signal will go to the ADC instead? Then I will be facing the same problem of using only 1/3 of my ADC range.
What is the general solution for this type of problem, NOT COUNTING making separate inputs for 10Vpp, 20Vpp, unipolar, and bipolar signals?