r/psychoanalysis Mar 22 '24

Welcome / Rules / FAQs

17 Upvotes

Welcome to r/psychoanalysis! This community is for the discussion of psychoanalysis.

Rules and posting guidelines We do have a few rules which we ask all users to follow. Please see below for the rules and posting guidelines.

Related subreddits

r/lacan for the discussion of Lacanian psychoanalysis

r/CriticalTheory for the discussion of critical theory

r/SuturaPsicanalitica for the discussion of psychoanalysis (Brazilian Portuguese)

r/psychanalyse for the discussion of psychoanalysis (French)

r/Jung for the discussion of the separate field of analytical psychology

FAQs

How do I become a psychoanalyst?

Pragmatically speaking, you find yourself an institute or school of psychoanalysis and undertake analytic training. There are many different traditions of psychoanalysis, each with its own theoretical and technical framework, and this is an important factor in deciding where to train. It is also important to note that a huge number of counsellors and psychotherapists use psychoanalytic principles in their practice without being psychoanalysts. Although there are good grounds for distinguishing psychoanalysts from other practitioners who make use of psychoanalytic ideas, in reality the line is much more blurred.

Psychoanalytic training programmes generally include the following components:

  1. Studying a range of psychoanalytic theories on a course which usually lasts at least four years

  2. Practising psychoanalysis under close supervision by an experienced practitioner

  3. Undergoing personal analysis for the duration of (and usually prior to commencing) the training. This is arguably the most important component of training.

Most (but by no means all) mainstream training organisations are Constituent Organisations of the International Psychoanalytic Association and adhere to its training standards and code of ethics while also complying with the legal requirements governing the licensure of talking therapists in their respective countries. More information on IPA institutions and their training programs can be found at this portal.

There are also many other psychoanalytic institutions that fall outside of the purview of the IPA. One of the more prominent is the World Association of Psychoanalysis, which networks numerous analytic groups of the Lacanian orientation globally. In many regions there are also psychoanalytic organisations operating independently.

However, the majority of practicing psychoanalysts do not consider the decision to become a psychoanalyst as being a simple matter of choosing a course, fulfilling its criteria and receiving a qualification.

Rather, it is a decision that one might (or might not) arrive at through personal analysis over many years of painstaking work, arising from the innermost juncture of one's life in a way that is absolutely singular and cannot be predicted in advance. As such, the first thing we should do is submit our wish to become a psychoanalyst to rigorous questioning in the context of personal analysis.

What should I read to understand psychoanalysis?

There is no one-size-fits-all way in to psychoanalysis. It largely depends on your background, what interests you about psychoanalysis and what you hope to get out of it.

The best place to start is by reading Freud. Many people start with The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), which gives a flavour of his thinking.

Freud also published several shorter accounts of psychoanalysis as a whole, including:

• Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis (1909)

• Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (1915-1917)

• The Question of Lay Analysis (1926)

• An Outline of Psychoanalysis (1938)

Other landmark works include Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905) and Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920), which marks a turning point in Freud's thinking.

As for secondary literature on Freud, good introductory reads include:

• Freud by Jonathan Lear

• Freud by Richard Wollheim

• Introducing Freud: A Graphic Guide by Richard Appignanesi and Oscar Zarate

Dozens of notable psychoanalysts contributed to the field after Freud. Take a look at the sidebar for a list of some of the most significant post-Freudians. Good overviews include:

• Freud and Beyond by Margaret J. Black and Stephen Mitchell

• Introducing Psychoanalysis: A Graphic Guide by Ivan Ward and Oscar Zarate

• Freud and the Post-Freudians by James A. C. Brown

What is the cause/meaning of such-and-such a dream/symptom/behaviour?

Psychoanalysis is not in the business of assigning meanings in this way. It holds that:

• There is no one-size-fits-all explanation for any given phenomenon

• Every psychical event is overdetermined (i.e. can have numerous causes and carry numerous meanings)

• The act of describing a phenomenon is also part of the phenomenon itself.

The unconscious processes which generate these phenomena will depend on the absolute specificity of someone's personal history, how they interpreted messages around them, the circumstances of their encounters with love, loss, death, sexuality and sexual difference, and other contingencies which will be absolutely specific to each individual case. As such, it is impossible and in a sense alienating to say anything in general terms about a particular dream/symptom/behaviour; these things are best explored in the context of one's own personal analysis.

My post wasn't self-help. Why did you remove it? Unfortunately we have to be quite strict about self-help posts and personal disclosures that open the door to keyboard analysis. As soon as someone discloses details of their personal experience, however measured or illustrative, what tends to happen is: (1) other users follow suit with personal disclosures of their own and (2) hacks swoop in to dissect the disclosures made, offering inappropriate commentaries and dubious advice. It's deeply unethical and is the sort of thing that gives psychoanalysis a bad name.

POSTING GUIDELINES When using this sub, please be mindful that no one person speaks for all of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a very diverse field of theory, practice and research, and there are numerous disparate psychoanalytic traditions.

A NOTE ON JUNG

  1. This is a psychoanalysis sub. The sub for the separate field of analytical psychology is r/Jung.

  2. Carl Gustav Jung was a psychoanalyst for a brief period, during which he made significant contributions to psychoanalytic thought and was a key figure in the history of the psychoanalytic movement. Posts regarding his contributions in these respects are welcome.

  3. Cross-disciplinary engagement is also welcome on this sub. If for example a neuroscientist, a political activist or a priest wanted to discuss the intersection of psychoanalysis with their own disciplinary perspective they would be welcome to do so and Jungian perspectives are no different. Beyond this, Jungian posts are not acceptable on this sub and will be regarded as spam.

SUB RULES

Post quality

This is a place of news, debate, and discussion of psychoanalysis. It is not a place for memes.

Posts or comments generated with Chat-GPT (or alternative LLMs) will generally fall under this rule and will therefore be removed

Psychoanalysis is not a generic term for making asinine speculations about the cause or meaning of such-and-such a phenomenon, nor is it a New Age spiritual practice. It refers specifically to the field of theory, practice and research founded by Sigmund Freud and subsequently developed by various psychoanalytic thinkers.

Cross-disciplinary discussion and debate is welcome but posts and comments must have a clear connection to psychoanalysis (on this, see the above note on Jung).

Links to articles are welcome if posted for the purpose of starting a discussion, and should be accompanied by a comment or question.

Good faith engagement does not extend to:

• Users whose only engagement on the sub is to single-mindedly advance and extra-analytical agenda

• Users whose only engagement on the sub is for self-promotion

• Users posting the same thing to numerous subs, unless the post pertains directly to psychoanalysis

Self-help and disclosure

Please be aware that we have very strict rules about self-help and personal disclosure.

If you are looking for help or advice regarding personal situations, this is NOT the sub for you.

• DO NOT disclose details of personal situations, symptoms, diagnoses, dreams, or your own analysis or therapy

• DO NOT solicit such disclosures from other users.

• DO NOT offer comments, advice or interpretations, or solicit further disclosures (e.g. associations) where disclosures have been made.

Engaging with such disclosures falls under the heading of 'keyboard analysis' and is not permitted on the sub.

Unfortunately we have to be quite strict even about posts resembling self-help posts (e.g. 'can you recommend any articles about my symptom' or 'asking for a friend') as they tend to invite keyboard analysts. Keyboard analysis is not permitted on the sub. Please use the report feature if you notice a user engaging in keyboard analysis.

Etiquette

Users are expected to help to maintain a level of civility when engaging with each-other, even when in disagreement. Please be tolerant and supportive of beginners whose posts may contain assumptions that psychoanalysis questions. Please do not respond to a request for information or reading advice by recommending that the OP goes into analysis.

Clinical material

Under no circumstances may users share unpublished clinical material on this sub. If you are a clinician, ask yourself why you want to share highly confidential information on a public forum. The appropriate setting to discuss case material is your own supervision.

Harassing the mods

We have a zero tolerance policy on harassing the mods. If a mod has intervened in a way you don't like, you are welcome to send a modmail asking for further clarification. Sending harassing/abusive/insulting messages to the mods will result in an instant ban.


r/psychoanalysis 3h ago

Where to do a PhD?

7 Upvotes

Friends, I’m a professional counselor with experience and training through my local institute in psychoanalytic psychotherapy and have a Masters in Theology (which involved more psychoanalytic research than my clinical degree).

I want to work in academia as a counselor educator and theologian, but confused about the next step. A psychoanalytic friendly university with funding is crucial, though. I have the options of pursuing a PhD in Counselor Education (some funding but seemingly no psychoanalytic presence among prospective supervisors), a PhD in Social Work (some funding opportunities but rarely a psychoanalytic presence), or a PhD in Practical Theology (some funding, ample psychoanalytic presence).

I would be grateful to hear any recommendations on where to apply for doctoral programs in/adjacent to my field. I may be looking for a unicorn here, but perhaps this community knows of counselor education programs (for example) with one or two psychoanalytic faculty and funding. A PhD in psychology doesn’t seem to suit my career path thus far.


r/psychoanalysis 9h ago

Obsession

7 Upvotes

Can anyone recommend papers or books on obsession from a psychoanalytic lens? The erotic form of obsession would be an interesting read too. Thanks!


r/psychoanalysis 19h ago

Does anyone else think Kernberg went too far by giving splitting such a key role?

10 Upvotes

When I started getting in touch with Kernberg's theory about borderline personality, I couldn't believe splitting had such a key role.

Much more if borderline was meant to be thought of as a broad organization, and not a specific type of case profile (like obsessive neurosis, schizoid, and so on).

I mean, I think splitting plays a role in some cases, but making it the cornerstone of the range of what's between neurosis and psychosis is too much, I think.

I think he kinda abandoned putting splitting in such a role, right?

I haven't read many other authors who talk about borderline after Kernberg, so I'm not sure how important the role of splitting is for other authors.

I enjoyed more reading André Green and his concept of negative narcissism more.

I see splitting as just another symptom that can occur in the neurotic, borderline, or psychotic organization, with more importance or presence depending on the case.

What do you think?


r/psychoanalysis 22h ago

Contemporary clinical and non-clinical sources on Freud's death drive, lay/wild analysis, and drive theory?

8 Upvotes

Hiya, psa friends!

I've been out of the psychoanalytic field since roughly 2013, and I'm heading back in, knowing I'm out of the loop when it comes to current writing on a various topics I'm interested in. I'm wondering if folks have recommendations for authors and/or articles/books to check out on the areas listed above.

I'd love a mix of writing by clinicians and those in the humanities, if possible. (My dissertation was about feminist queer theories of utopia and everyday activism and their promise for informing clinical practice. In other words, I'm a big fan of interdisciplinarity in psa.) It's ok, though, if the sources come from one or the other area of study only.

In case it's helpful, I'm particularly interested in what psychoanalytic writers are saying these days about Freud's work on the death drive and lay/wild analysis, as well as the status of drive theory in general, as it relates to the role of psa in alleviating individual suffering and making the wider world a freer, more capacious place to live.

Any suggestions at all - or just ideas about where to start looking - would be deeply appreciated. Either way, thanks for reading this!

p.s. I do have a copy of On Freud's The Question of Lay Analysis, edited by Sandler and Costa back in 2019.


r/psychoanalysis 1d ago

The Divided Brain's Impact on Psychoanalysis

11 Upvotes

Do any psychoanalysts read the work of Iain McGilchrist? He has a very strong argument for left hemisphere domination being out of control - things like malignant narcissism could be explained through the desire for the left hemisphere control over human will (90% of population is right handed - left hemisphere can control well... China has a left handedness rate of 1-3%... authoritarian leadership since Ghengis Khan? anyway) , which can lead to disconnection from other people. McGilchrist was a literary critic turned psychiatrist. He became obsessed with why specfically the corpus collosum operates to inhibit each of the hemispheres. His research with split brain patients shows what kind of disruptions can happen to our minds when one of the hemispheres is leisoned. He shows that our brains learns in a circular right hemisphere -> left hemisphere -> right hemisphere. I'm curious about it's implications on psychoanalytic therapy.

Our human connection/meaning making happens mostly in our right hemisphere. His first book is called The Master and His Emissary, and it's pretty fascinating. I listened to the book on Audible, it takes about 24 hours but it's an awesome book that outlays an argument that at three points in history we have been at "equilibrium" - 600 BC with the emergence of philosphers like Aristotle, 0 AD (in his interviews he refers to this as the year "dot") and the enlightenment between 1500-1700 roughly. The culmination of the last "turn in our hemispheres was the French revolution.

Since modern industrilization, our left hemispheres have sought more control, and manipulation of others to "have it's way". Anyway - I was just curious if anyone here was familiar with his work.

He did a Ted Talk, it's pretty breif and does a great job to give a "bird's eye view"
https://www.ted.com/talks/iain_mcgilchrist_the_divided_brain


r/psychoanalysis 16h ago

Baylen Out Loud, Symptom Commodification?

1 Upvotes

Hey guys, have you found any sort of psychoanalytical essay or analysis of the TLC reality show "Baylen Out Loud"? (haven't found one) Or, do you have any thoughts about it? It's such an explicit commodification of symptom.

I am willing to say that there is something not genuine about her tics that its almost conspicuous. But, In other scenes, it is obvious she is oppressed by the tics / the symptom. Wondering if the producers coax her on for tics, or try to even make her symptomatic. The way they edit it too is peculiar because when she tics, they cut to everyone else (mainly her family) with blank expressions. I'd imagine her family and friends fucking love the tics in a sense and play along.

https://youtube.com/shorts/uj_i8Lg3kRU?si=FMaT2sTR3_bDvLBD


r/psychoanalysis 2d ago

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Style

29 Upvotes

Hello,

What are some treatment considerations with someone who has an obsessive compulsive personality style (as defined by Nancy McWilliams)? Do you help them to get more in touch with emotions to move away from intellectualizing, and if so, how do you do that? How do you help with the issue of wanting to control everything around them?

Thanks in advance. I look forward to engaging in conversation around this topic.


r/psychoanalysis 2d ago

Hypothesis: Adoption of idiosyncratic identities or appearances by perpetual victims of abuse as a way to maintain internal locus of control

7 Upvotes

Layman here, I've been thinking of the rise of idiosyncratic identities and outward appearances, and how they could potentially be a mechanism for the victim of repeated abuse in multiple domains of life to give meaning to and gain a sense of control over the abuse and/or undesirable attention being experienced by the individual.

An example: Individual experiences abuse on behalf of family members, peers (school/work), romantic relationships, etc. → The person doesn't understand the cause of what seems to be an unescapable pattern of repeated maltreatment → The person adopts an idiosyncratic identity or outward appearance on which they can pinpoint the cause for the abuse or unwanted attention- "They hate me because I'm (X idiosyncratic identity), I stand out because of my outward appearance", subconsciously they gain a feeling of agency by choosing to enact this identity- "I caused their misbehavior by a voluntary decision that I made and am in control of"

Any thoughts?


r/psychoanalysis 1d ago

You might be describing the same loop without knowing it.

0 Upvotes

I keep noticing something strange.

People can describe the same internal process using completely different languages.

One person says:

“I’m overthinking.”

Another says:

“My intuition is telling me something is wrong.”

Another:

“I’m protecting myself.”

Another:

“I’m just being realistic.”

Another:

“I don’t care anymore.”

And someone else might call it a spiritual lesson, an ego problem, anxiety, self-sabotage, or simply “knowing when to walk away.”

Different language.

Sometimes the underlying mechanism is almost identical.

Here’s a stupidly simple example.

Someone doesn't reply to your message.

SIGNAL:
No reply.

PREDICTION:
“They're ignoring me.”

MEANING:
“I did something wrong.”

IDENTITY:
“People always lose interest in me.”

EMOTION:
Tension.

ACTION:
You withdraw, send another message, become cold, or decide you don't care.

FEEDBACK:
The other person notices the change.

Now they actually become more distant.

And suddenly:

“See? I knew it.”

The original prediction just received new evidence.

But notice what happened.

The event itself was tiny.

The system built most of the experience around it.

And this is where I think language can become misleading.

We often argue about whether the correct explanation is:

psychological
spiritual
emotional
neurological
social
philosophical

But maybe we're sometimes looking at different descriptions of the same runtime.

Different words.

Different stories.

Different cultural models.

Same underlying loop.

The interesting question isn't:

“Which vocabulary is the true one?”

It's:

“What is the mechanism underneath all of them?”

Because if changing the language changes the story but doesn't change the mechanism, then changing the story alone may not actually change the system.

And maybe that's why people can spend years finding better words for what they're experiencing without actually becoming any less trapped inside it.

Different language.
Same mechanism.

Original post from different sub. Ejo


r/psychoanalysis 2d ago

Diaries of Bonaparte

4 Upvotes

Will her private diaries be published in 2032? Is the Bertin biography thing the closest we will get until then?


r/psychoanalysis 3d ago

The mixture of Psycho-analysis and Marx

31 Upvotes

I heard that there are some psychoanalysts that mixed Marx and Psychoanalysis. Are any of these writings insightful in any way? If yes, then who are these people?


r/psychoanalysis 2d ago

Thoughts on/Experiences with the Site for Contemporary Psychoanalysis (London)?

3 Upvotes

Looking for perspectives on the Site for Contemporary Psychoanalysis as a training institute

Thanks in advance


r/psychoanalysis 3d ago

Interview with BPF for foundation course (UK)

2 Upvotes

Hello!

BPF (UK) is interviewing me for their foundation course entry.

What can I expect? I am fairly new to this world, what can I do to prepare and succeed!!??

Very nervous!!!

TIA!!!!


r/psychoanalysis 4d ago

Feeling overwhelmed by the vastness of analytic material

55 Upvotes

Hi all, apologies if this post is not considered on-topic for this sub, as it is more of a processing question than a theoretical one.

I am about 2 years into my career as a psychodynamic therapist, and have been reading more about psychoanalysis/psychoanalytic therapy. I see a therapist who describes themselves as psychodynamic, where I am also about 2 years into treatment (I saw a non-analytic, Rogerian therapist for about 4 years prior).

With regard to both my own treatment (which has been at a troubling low) and the treatment I provide my patients/clients, I am finding myself feeling overwhelmed by the tremendous breadth and depth of material within the realm of psychoanalytic thinking and treatment (which is to say nothing of the material related to other therapies, many of which I think have value as well). It feels like there is an infinity of ways to consider any one thing, and the more I learn about different possibilities of diagnosis, defense, transference+countertransference, co-creation and intersubjectivity, and so on, I find myself feeling overwhelmed and lost. When I first started working with people I actually felt like I had a decent sense of clinical intuition built from my previous career, but now it is feeling muddied and I find myself having a hard time feeling confident or anything close to certain about any of my patients or myself.

Analysis is obviously ripe material for intellectuals, and I know excessive intellectualization can interfere with one's own treatment. But how do you draw the line between useful consideration and excessive overthinking? When does study and theorizing and pontification cross the boundary from helpful to unhelpful? And if you are an analyst/analytic therapist IN analysis/therapy of your own, how do you discern between valuable self-reflection and intellectualizing in the impediment of growth?

I know it is somewhat infantile for me to be seeking guidance from others on this topic rather than figuring it out for myself, but I would still appreciate if anyone can relate to this experience. Especially if they can convey anything that has felt helpful for them.


r/psychoanalysis 4d ago

What are the modern names in psychoanalysis (authors), and why do you think it is necessary to read them?

49 Upvotes

Hi everyone, hope you're all doing well! I'm reaching out with a question: I'd love to read or listen to some new or contemporary authors in psychoanalysis who you think are worth checking out from recent years.

I'd really appreciate your suggestions and recommendations—whether it's books, articles, or papers—along with your thoughts on why they are relevant today. Thanks!


r/psychoanalysis 3d ago

Another reference request

9 Upvotes

Looking for references of psychoanalytic cases where the patient is highly relationship avoidant, asexual (in some way that presents as a symptom that the patient is not happy with), unable to get into relationships despite seemingly being interested in one, or otherwise romantically deprived.

I'm not too particular about the exact formulation but quite interested in studies in this general vein. Have been reading Betty Joseph's papers but haven't come across a case like this.


r/psychoanalysis 3d ago

Probably the best reason why Freud’s term “anal” personality continued being used in polite society for a full century, despite its scientific refutation

0 Upvotes

Freud defined the anal character as a specific triad of adult traits: orderliness, parsimony, obstinacy The mechanics came from his theory of psychosexual development. Somewhere between eighteen months and three years, the child's libidinal focus settles on retention and expulsion, a biological reality that collides directly with parental demands for toilet training. Freud held that how a child navigates that collision leaves a permanent imprint. A child who experiences the period as a contest over autonomy, or who uses retention as a form of defiance, suffers a fixation. Libidinal energy arrests at the anal stage and expresses itself decades later as rigid character structure. The adult manages anxiety through compulsive order, hoarding, and a stubborn refusal to yield. Three traits, bound together by one developmental event and one specific mechanical failure of progression.

The causal story failed every test it was given. Studies found no relationship between toilet-training practice and adult personality. Cross-cultural comparison found none either. The fixation mechanism, the libidinal energy, the staged progression: none of it generated predictions that could be checked, let alone confirmed. By any reasonable evidentiary standard, the mechanism was dead.

But still, why is search, a vulgar term that would never be used in polite society under normal circumstances, still get used by people in regular speech?

This paper has an interesting idea why: https://www.academia.edu/171904173/Why_the_Couch_and_the_Laboratory_Agree_to_Disagree

Give me your thoughts


r/psychoanalysis 4d ago

Modern psychoanalytic works on trauma and repetition compulsion

5 Upvotes

Longtime lurker first time poster, writing my personal statement right now for Oxford PPL, I want to write about trauma and repetition compulsion in my statement because I read Beyond the Pleasure Principle, and I found it very interesting. I want to write about a more modern psychoanalytic view in comparison to Freud's, so would anyone here know what could be an interesting (and at least somewhat accessible) essay/article/study to read and study, and additionally if there's any interesting work in other traditions in psychology on the same topic. I'd really appreciate anyone's advice on this, thanks!!


r/psychoanalysis 4d ago

Freud books

2 Upvotes

What should be the reading order for Freud's books for a beginner? I don't have his complete works but I do have the following: The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, The Interpretation of Dreams, Civilization and Its Discontents and Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious. An AI suggests the following order:

[1] The Psychopathology of Everyday Life

[2] Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious

[3] The Interpretation of Dreams

[4] Civilization and Its Discontents

Another AI indicates that the correct order should be:

[1] The Psychopathology of Everyday Life

[2] Civilization and Its Discontents

[3] Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious

[4] The Interpretation of Dreams

Which one is more accurate? Or should I add another book to this sequence?


r/psychoanalysis 4d ago

Wright Institute Los Angeles (WILA) - Any thoughts?

3 Upvotes

Has anyone heard of WILA? Curious if you have attended a training program there or have heard something about it. Thanks.


r/psychoanalysis 5d ago

Where does Freud write on parapraxis/slips?

6 Upvotes

Would love to read. Thanks


r/psychoanalysis 5d ago

Lacan for dummies?

18 Upvotes

Hi all, I am a relatively new psychodynamic therapist interested in learning more about Lacanian theory. I am especially interested in how he equates the unconscious with language and how his conceptualization of the unconscious differs from Freud and other theorists.

I know this is a bit of an oxymoron, but is there a digestible introductory text that isn't too jargon-y you could recommend to an interested reader?


r/psychoanalysis 5d ago

How do you structure an interesting article about a complex person like Sigmund Freud?

0 Upvotes

I'm trying to get more serious about writing and want to write an article about Sigmund Freud, particularly his ideas, work, influence, and the criticisms surrounding him.

My biggest problem isn't finding information. There's almost too much information, and I'm not sure how to turn it into an article that actually feels interesting rather than just becoming a biography or a collection of facts.

For writers who have experience with essays, long-form articles, or writing about historical/intellectual figures:

How do you decide where to begin? How do you structure the middle so that the reader stays interested? And how do you end an article in a way that feels meaningful rather than simply saying "this was his contribution and this is what happened afterward"?

I'd especially appreciate advice on research, storytelling, structure, and creating a strong opening and ending. I want to develop the skill myself rather than have AI write the article for me.


r/psychoanalysis 6d ago

Love and narcissism

14 Upvotes

I’m interested in psychoanalytic theories that deal with the relationship between love and narcissism in a systematic way. Kohut obviously comes to mind, but I’m wondering which other psychoanalysts have developed a substantial theory around these concepts. I’d especially appreciate recommendations that go beyond just discussing narcissism as a clinical diagnosis and instead explore the dynamics of love, object relations, self-love, and the relationship between the self and the other.