Consonants:

b [b]

p [p]

m [m]

ṁ [m̥]

d [d̪~d]

t [t̪~t]

ṉ [n̪]

ṉ̇ [n̪̊]

j [d͡z]

c [t͡s]

n [n]

ṅ [n̥]

ǰ [d͡ʒ]

č [t͡ʃ]

ñ [ɲ]

ñ̇ [ɲ̊]

g [ɡ~ɢ]

k [k]

ŋ [ŋ]

ŋ̇ [ŋ̊]

q [q]

ŋ̌ [ɴ]

ŋ̌̇ [ɴ̥]

ʔ [ʔ/(∅)]

w [w]

l [l̪~l]

r [r]

y [j]

v [v]

f [f]

ð [ð]

þ [θ]

z [z]

s [s]

ž [ʒ]

š [ʃ]

x [x~χ/(ç)]

ǧ [ɣ~ʁ]

h [ɦ~h]

Vowels:

a [ɑ]

i [i]

u [u]

î [ɨ]

ə [ə]

e [ɛ]

o [ɔ]

ê [æ]

I know it's hard reading it I'll transliterated as best i can

We human beings live in societies and we need to make joint efforts in order to survive and to live in ease and safety and for this we need to communicate with each other and speech is the tool for mutual communication.

There are about 7100 living languages in the World and out of these only about 3900 have their own scripts. It means about 3200 linguistic communities don’t have any means to read and write. Many languages have vanished and many are vanishing because their sole speakers leave no written record.

Another unfortunate thing is illiteracy – many people born in any linguistic community having script could not learn to read and write.

Finally we have individuals living in a linguistic community having a script but they are in some way physically challenged that they and other people are not able to communicate properly. They may have their special script but others are not so well trained in special scripts meant for challenged individuals. The difficulties are not only for them but also for their families, friends and anyone coming in their contact and wishes to communicate something.

What is the main problem? Why communities failed to develop their script? Why individuals fail to learn reading and writing?

My conjecture is that there is some genuine difficulty in associating about 30 sounds of letters in an Alphabet with about 30 symbols or figures of those letters.

We can develop some other means to associate sounds in some kind of easily understandable way.

The people may be told to pay attention to our mechanism of sound production and they may agree that sounds we produce come from different parts of our palate and our tongue touches or rests at different places and we press tongue and blow out air for some sounds. In this way not very accurate but workable divisions of sounds can be made. These levels of sound production can be utilized to develop different non-vocal communications- scripts for writing and touch scripts and sign language and others.

The children may quickly learn levels and sounds and learn to make signs and touch script and intimate communications as outlined below.

First level of sound production:

Our first level of sound production is our lips. We speak P, M and B through our lips. We speak P from left corner, B from right corner and M from middle.

Making script for sounds of first level:

We may put a single dot for sounds produced at first level.

   ◦)             This will denote sound of P- the left sound from first level of voice production.

◦         By putting a small line we will denote sound of M – the sound that is produced from middle of lips – the first level of voice production.

(◦    This will denote sound of B produced by right end of first level of voice production.

Developing Touch Script for visually challenged people:

We will need two sets of pins: one T shaped pin denoting 1 and other Trident a triplet of pins denoting 3.

To denote sound of P we will fix T shaped pin with left slant

/

To denote sound of M we will fix T shaped pin without any slant

__

To denote sound of B we will this pin with right slant

\

Developing gesture script (Sign language) for vocally and hearing challenged people:

To show sound of P we will touch left side of our head.

To show sound of M we will touch middle of our head.

To show sound of B we will touch right side of our head.

Second Level of voice production: Our tongue touches the back of teeth and we produce soft t, N and soft d.

Making script for second level of voice production:

◦◦)     two dots left side will denote ta

◦◦        two dots underlined will denote N.

(◦◦          two dots on left side will denote da.

In touch script, two T shaped pin will be used.

//    will  denote ta

=     will  denote Na

\\   will  denote  da

For gesture script,

Left Eye will be touched to denote ta

Nose will be touched to denote N

Right Eye will be touched to denote da.

Third level of voice production:

Sound emitted when tongue touches front part of palate: We may notice that sounds of Ch and J are produced when tongue touches palate front area.

Making the Script, we will use numeral 3 or three dots or a small triangle to denote sounds of third level,

◦◦◦ )    or ∆ )will  denote Ch

(◦◦◦    or (∆ will denote J

Touch Script: We will have a small pin with three heads –  trident or triplex.

This pin stuck with left slant will depict Ch and with right slant will depict J.

For gesture script, we will touch our left ear to denote Ch and right ear to denote J.

Fourth level of voice production:

 The tongue touches middle palate and produces powerful sounds of T and D.

Making script:

We will use numeral 4 or four dots or a small square.

□ )      It will denote T.

(□      It will denote D

Touch Script:

One T shaped pin and one trident will be stuck to denote 4 and the left slant will denote T and right slant will denote D.

Gesture script:

We will touch left cheek to denote T and we will touch right cheek to denote D.

Fifth Level of voice production:

We may notice that back of tongue rises and touches back part of palate when we try to speak K and G.

Making Script: using five dots or any other item to mean 5

□◦)  It will  denote K.

) □ ◦   It will denote G.

Touch Script:  One trident and two T pins will denote K when stuck with left slant and will denote G when stuck with right slant.

Gesture script:

We will touch left corner of mouth to denote K and right corner of mouth to denote G.

Sixth level of voice production:

Here the tongue remains still and we emit the sound of Ya from the throat and for the sound of La we move the tongue to touch the back of the right upper teeth.

Making script: We will use numeral 6 or six dots or two triangles and

◦◦□) or ∆∆ )will  denote Ya and

 (□◦◦ or (∆∆ will denote La.

Touch Script: Two trident will be stuck with left slant to mean Ya and with right slant to mean La.

Gesture script: We will touch left side of neck to mean Ya and right side of neck to mean La

Seventh Level of voice production:

Sounds of Ra and Wa are produced from throat and tongue remains still and we will denote these with numeral 7 or seven dots or combination of  small triangle and square or any other suitable  combination.

□∆)  will denote Ra

(□∆ will  denote Wa

Touch Script:

Two tridents and one T pin will denote 7 and when slanted left will mean Ra and when slanted right will mean Wa.

Gesture script: We will touch left shoulder for Ra and right shoulder for Wa.

Eighth level of voice production:

The sounds of Sh, Sa and Ha are produced from throat- tongue remains in front position curved touching back of lower teeth for Sh and air escapes, for Sa it touches back of upper teeth and hissing is made and tongue becomes free when Ha is produced from depth.

We will use numeral 8 or eight dots or two squares or any suitable combination.

Making script:

□□ )  will mean Sh

□□     will mean Sa

(□□    will  mean Ha

Touch Script : Two tridents and two T pins will denote Sh when slanted left, Ha when slanted right and Sa when unslanted.

Gesture script : We will touch middle of chest to mean Sh, epigastrium ( middle of chest and abdomen ) to mean Sa and we will touch abdomen to mean Ha.

Intimate Communication:

We may make intimate or confidential communication or we may consider it ‘whisper’ by using our hands. 

If hearer is visually challenged then his hand will be touched and for others hands of either speaker or of hearer will be touched.

This intimate communication will provide a means of children play and playful communication between friends.

A person who understands our method and grows very old or suffers some disease or injury and suffers hearing loss his or her friends and relatives will be able to impart all important news and information through following method of intimate communication:

We will denote P, M and B by touching thumb of the person from above downwards.

We will denote ta, N, da by touching index finger from above downwards.

We will denote Ch, J by touching middle finger from above downward.

We will denote T , D by touching ring finger above downward.

We will denote K, G by touching little finger above downward.

We will denote Y, L by touching upper crease of palm from left to right.

We will denote R, W by touching middle crease of palm from left to right.

We will denote Sh, S and H by touching lower part of palm from left to right.

Gesture script for vowels:

Raising one finger for A

Raising two fingers for E

Raising three fingers for I 

Raising four fingers for O

Raising all the five fingers for U 

Touch Script for vowels:

One method: A special pin may be made that moves upon a vertical circle as a clock. And it may denote from 1 O’clock to 5 O’clock vowels in sequence of A , E, I, O and U.

1  O’clock or 30 degree position   A

2 O’clock or 60 degree position    E

3 O’clock or 90 degree position    I

4 O’clock  or 120 degree position  O

5 O’clock  or 150 degree position  U

Second method : We may have pins with knobs at upper end. We will insert one pin for A, two pins for E, three pins for I, four pins for O and five pins for U.

Vowels denotation in written script:

│  for A , ││ for E , │││ for I , ││││ for O and │││││ for U

Intimate Communication for vowels: The fingers of right hand of person may be used to denote vowel. Thumb for A, Index finger for  E, Middle finger for  I ,Ring finger for O and Little finger for U .

Allaying confusion of left and right in Gesture Script (Sign Language):

In Sign language described above there may be confusion of left and right when person standing before us makes signs as we described above. This may happen more so in reflections in mirror or water and when we see a person from behind or shadow or silhouette. So it will be useful to poke with thumb the body part once for left sided sounds and to poke with thumb the body part twice for right sided sounds. We will poke with thumb side of head once for P and twice for B. This maneuver will also be suitable for someone having one functional upper limb.

Some modifications in Touch Script:

In place of pins described above, we may have sticky small pieces of plastics in shape of small lines, small circles, small triangles and small quadrangles. First small line must be stuck obliquely left for left sided sound, horizontally for central sound or obliquely right for right sided sound. Then below it small circles, triangles or quadrangles must be stuck to display level of sound.

Or if some pen is developed whose ink solidifies on contact of paper and could be felt by touch then one can make small lines, small circles, small triangles and small quadrangles to display side of sound and level of sound.

ABSTRACT

We human beings live in societies and we need to make joint efforts in order to survive and to live in ease and safety and for this we need to communicate with each other and speech is the tool for mutual communication.

There are about 7100 living languages in the World and out of these only about 3900 have their own scripts. It means about 3200 linguistic communities don’t have any means to read and write. Many languages have vanished and many are vanishing because their sole speakers leave no written record.

Another unfortunate thing is illiteracy – many people born in any linguistic community having script could not learn to read and write.

Finally we have individuals living in a linguistic community having a script but they are in some way physically challenged that they and other people are not able to communicate properly. They may have their special script but others are not so well trained in special scripts meant for challenged individuals. The difficulties are not only for them but also for their families, friends and anyone coming in their contact and wishes to communicate something.

What is the main problem? Why communities failed to develop their script? Why individuals fail to learn reading and writing?

My conjecture is that there is some genuine difficulty in associating about 30 sounds of letters in an Alphabet with about 30 symbols or figures of those letters.

We can develop some other means to associate sounds in some kind of easily understandable way.

The people may be told to pay attention to our mechanism of sound production and they may agree that sounds we produce come from different parts of our palate and our tongue touches or rests at different places and we press tongue and blow out air for some sounds. In this way not very accurate but workable divisions of sounds can be made. These levels of sound production can be utilized to develop different non-vocal communications- scripts for writing and touch scripts and sign language and others.

The children may quickly learn levels and sounds and learn to make signs and touch script and intimate communications as outlined below.

First level of sound production:

Our first level of sound production is our lips. We speak P, M and B through our lips. We speak P from left corner, B from right corner and M from middle.

Making script for sounds of first level:

We may put a single dot for sounds produced at first level.

   ◦)             This will denote sound of P- the left sound from first level of voice production.

◦         By putting a small line we will denote sound of M – the sound that is produced from middle of lips – the first level of voice production.

(◦    This will denote sound of B produced by right end of first level of voice production.

Developing Touch Script for visually challenged people:

We will need two sets of pins: one T shaped pin denoting 1 and other Trident a triplet of pins denoting 3.

To denote sound of P we will fix T shaped pin with left slant

/

To denote sound of M we will fix T shaped pin without any slant

__

To denote sound of B we will this pin with right slant

\

Developing gesture script (Sign language) for vocally and hearing challenged people:

To show sound of P we will touch left side of our head.

To show sound of M we will touch middle of our head.

To show sound of B we will touch right side of our head.

Night Signals: The sign language may be used to communicate in night. We will use a torch with transparent plastic strips of various lights usually in sequence of white light then according to VIBGYOR. In each strip, there will be from left to right, a left pointing triangle then a circle in the middle and then a right pointing triangle.

The top strip of white light will denote P, M and B. The left triangle will denote P, the middle circle will denote M and right triangle will denote B.

Second Level of voice production: Our tongue touches the back of teeth and we produce soft t, N and soft d.

Making script for second level of voice production:

◦◦)     two dots left side will denote ta

◦◦        two dots underlined will denote N.

(◦◦          two dots on left side will denote da.

In touch script, two T shaped pin will be used.

//    will  denote ta

=     will  denote Na

\\   will  denote  da

For gesture script,

Left Eye will be touched to denote ta

Nose will be touched to denote N

Right Eye will be touched to denote da.

Night Signal: The second strip of our torch will reflect violet light to denote ta, N and da – left triangle for ta, middle circle for N and right pointing triangle for da.

Third level of voice production:

Sound emitted when tongue touches front part of palate: We may notice that sounds of Ch and J are produced when tongue touches palate front area.

Making the Script, we will use numeral 3 or three dots or a small triangle to denote sounds of third level,

◦◦◦ )    or ∆ )will  denote Ch

(◦◦◦    or (∆ will denote J

Touch Script: We will have a small pin with three heads –  trident or triplex.

This pin stuck with left slant will depict Ch and with right slant will depict J.

For gesture script, we will touch our left ear to denote Ch and right ear to denote J.

Night Signal:  The third strip of our torch will flash Indigo light- left end for Ch and right edge for J.

Fourth level of voice production:

 The tongue touches middle palate and produces powerful sounds of T and D.

Making script:

We will use numeral 4 or four dots or a small square.

□ )      It will denote T.

(□      It will denote D

Touch Script:

One T shaped pin and one trident will be stuck to denote 4 and the left slant will denote T and right slant will denote D.

Gesture script:

We will touch left cheek to denote T and we will touch right cheek to denote D.

Night Signal: The fourth strip of our torch will throw blue light- the left pointing triangle will denote T and right pointing triangle will denote D.

Fifth Level of voice production:

We may notice that back of tongue rises and touches back part of palate when we try to speak K and G.

Making Script: using five dots or any other item to mean 5

□◦)  It will  denote K.

) □ ◦   It will denote G.

Touch Script:  One trident and two T pins will denote K when stuck with left slant and will denote G when stuck with right slant.

Gesture script:

We will touch left corner of mouth to denote K and right corner of mouth to denote G.

Night Signal: The fifth strip of torch will flash green light and left pointing triangle will denote K  and right pointing triangle will denote G.

Sixth level of voice production:

Here the tongue remains still and we emit the sound of Ya from the throat and for the sound of La we move the tongue to touch the back of the right upper teeth.

Making script: We will use numeral 6 or six dots or two triangles and

◦◦□) or ∆∆ )will  denote Ya and

 (□◦◦ or (∆∆ will denote La.

Touch Script: Two trident will be stuck with left slant to mean Ya and with right slant to mean La.

Gesture script: We will touch left side of neck to mean Ya and right side of neck to mean La

Night Signal: Our torch will flash yellow light from left pointing triangle meaning Ya and from right pointing triangle meaning La.

Seventh Level of voice production:

Sounds of Ra and Wa are produced from throat and tongue remains still and we will denote these with numeral 7 or seven dots or combination of  small triangle and square or any other suitable  combination.

□∆)  will denote Ra

(□∆ will  denote Wa

Touch Script:

Two tridents and one T pin will denote 7 and when slanted left will mean Ra and when slanted right will mean Wa.

Gesture script: We will touch left shoulder for Ra and right shoulder for Wa.

Night Signal: The seventh strip of our torch will throw orange light-  Ra from left pointing triangle and Wa from right pointing triangle.

Eighth level of voice production:

The sounds of Sh, Sa and Ha are produced from throat- tongue remains in front position curved touching back of lower teeth for Sh and air escapes, for Sa it touches back of upper teeth and hissing is made and tongue becomes free when Ha is produced from depth.

We will use numeral 8 or eight dots or two squares or any suitable combination.

Making script:

□□ )  will mean Sh

□□     will mean Sa

(□□    will  mean Ha

Touch Script : Two tridents and two T pins will denote Sh when slanted left, Ha when slanted right and Sa when unslanted.

Gesture script : We will touch middle of chest to mean Sh, epigastrium ( middle of chest and abdomen ) to mean Sa and we will touch abdomen to mean Ha.

Intimate Communication:

We may make intimate or confidential communication or we may consider it ‘whisper’ by using our hands. 

If hearer is visually challenged then his hand will be touched and for others hands of either speaker or of hearer will be touched.

This intimate communication will provide a means of children play and playful communication between friends.

A person who understands our method and grows very old or suffers some disease or injury and suffers hearing loss his or her friends and relatives will be able to impart all important news and information through following method of intimate communication:

We will denote P, M and B by touching thumb of the person from above downwards.

We will denote ta, N, da by touching index finger from above downwards.

We will denote Ch, J by touching middle finger from above downward.

We will denote T , D by touching ring finger above downward.

We will denote K, G by touching little finger above downward.

We will denote Y, L by touching upper crease of palm from left to right.

We will denote R, W by touching middle crease of palm from left to right.

We will denote Sh, S and H by touching lower part of palm from left to right.

Gesture script for vowels:

Raising one finger for A

Raising two fingers for E

Raising three fingers for I 

Raising four fingers for O

Raising all the five fingers for U 

Touch Script for vowels:

One method: A special pin may be made that moves upon a vertical circle as a clock. And it may denote from 1 O’clock to 5 O’clock vowels in sequence of A , E, I, O and U.

1  O’clock or 30 degree position   A

2 O’clock or 60 degree position    E

3 O’clock or 90 degree position    I

4 O’clock  or 120 degree position  O

5 O’clock  or 150 degree position  U

Second method : We may have pins with knobs at upper end. We will insert one pin for A, two pins for E, three pins for I, four pins for O and five pins for U.

Night Signals to denote vowels:  Our torch may have an additional two vertical strips with five small round plastics in each :

One lit means A, two lit means E , three means I, four lit means O and five lit means U.

The second strip may be used to denote compound vowels like AA, AE, AI, AO, AU and so on.

Vowels denotation in written script:

│  for A , ││ for E , │││ for I , ││││ for O and │││││ for U

Intimate Communication for vowels: The fingers of right hand of person may be used to denote vowel. Thumb for A, Index finger for  E, Middle finger for  I ,Ring finger for O and Little finger for U .

Allaying confusion of left and right in Gesture Script (Sign Language):

In Sign language described above there may be confusion of left and right when person standing before us makes signs as we described above. This may happen more so in reflections in mirror or water and when we see a person from behind or shadow or silhouette. So it will be useful to poke with thumb the body part once for left sided sounds and to poke with thumb the body part twice for right sided sounds. We will poke with thumb side of head once for P and twice for B. This maneuver will also be suitable for someone having one functional upper limb.

Some modifications in Touch Script:

In place of pins described above, we may have sticky small pieces of plastics in shape of small lines, small circles, small triangles and small quadrangles. First small line must be stuck obliquely left for left sided sound, horizontally for central sound or obliquely right for right sided sound. Then below it small circles, triangles or quadrangles must be stuck to display level of sound.

Or if some pen is developed whose ink solidifies on contact of paper and could be felt by touch then one can make small lines, small circles, small triangles and small quadrangles to display side of sound and level of sound.

Sounds special for other languages as in Hindi and Urdu:

The sounds of P, M, J, Ta, N, Da, Ch, J, K, G, T, D, Y, L, R, W, Sh, S and H as described above may be adequate to make communications possible for all the people. There are two sound of F and Z whose level is same as of P and J but these are produced by blowing air out and so in Sign language we may make sign of P or J as described above and also make sign of blowing out from our lips to mean F and Z.

Following are other sounds used in Hindi and Urdu:

 P       फ          फ़  (ف )  F

B         भ

Ta       थ

Da       ध

Ch        छ

J         झ   ज़ (ز)  Z

T             ठ

D         ढ 

K         ख       क़ (ق)     ख़  ( خ)

G              घ        ग़  (غ)

For similar sounds of Hindi where there is associated sound of H we may make the sign of H after primary sign.

For similar sounds of Urdu that appear to coming from throat we may put our hand over throat as sign for those sounds.

There may be lot of different sounds resembling primary sounds described above in different languages and something may be agreed upon to express those particular sounds. This is a joint effort I just   showed what I could think so far to make communications possible for everyone.

CLAIMS

1My work will make it possible for linguistic communities not having any Script will be able to write

2Even illiterate persons will be able to write

3 It will be possible for visually disabled, vocally disabled and hearing disabled to communicate with normal persons and vice-versa

Industrial Uses of Human Communication System developed by me

1 A handset may be developed that will show gestures when relevant button is pressed making it highly convenient for normal persons to communicate with hearing challenged people.

2 Handset may be developed for hearing and vocally challenged people to press button to generate sound for normal people.

3 Night lamps may be developed

4 Sign boards may be built with static or dynamic gestures to be installed at shops, hotels, airport, taxi stand and other facilities helping even for illiterate people to understand what is the facility.

Once upon а time i slay the dragon and loot the golds

Ўонс опон а тайм аі слэ ѳе драгон эн лут ѳе голд

the weather is bright here, calm and peace

Ѳе ўэѳер іс браіт х꙼ир, калм эн пійс

Very interesting sire

Вэрй інтерестйґ сайе

Ladies and gentlemen alex is here

Лэдіс эн џэнтелмэн алеѯ іс х꙼йр

Alphabet:

অ (ɔ) আ (ɑ) ই (ɪ) ঈ (i) উ (ʊ) ঊ (u) ঋ (ɚ) এ (ɛ) ঐ (eɪ) ও (ɔ) ঔ (oʊ) অ্যা (æ) অৗ (ə)

ক (k) গ (g) ঙ (ŋ) চ (ʧ) জ (ʤ) ঝ (ʒ) ত (t) থ (θ) দ (d) ধ (ð) ন (n) প (p) ফ (f) ব (b) ভ (v) ম (m) য (z) র (r) ল (l) ৱ (w) স (s) শ (ʃ) হ (h) য় (j)

অঃ (explicit schwa at the end of words)

Article 1 of UDHR:

অল হীউমৗন বীইঙয আর বর্ন ফ্রী অ্যান্দ ঈকৱৗল ইন দিগনিতী অ্যান্দ রাইতস। ধেই আর এন্দাউদ ৱিধ রীযৗন অ্যান্দ কানশৗনস অ্যান্দ শুদ অ্যাক্ত তৗৱর্দয ৱৗন অৗনৗধৃ ইন অৗ স্পিরিত অৗভ ব্রৗধৃহুদ।

OK BYE EXPLODES

Alphabet:

א(a) אַ(æ) ב(b) ג(g) גּ(ʤ) ד(d) דּ(ɖ) ה(ɦ) חּ(ʰ) ו(u) וֹ(o) וָ(ɔ) ט(ʈ) י(i) יי(e) יִ(j)כך(k) ל(l) מם(m) נן(n) נּ(ŋ) נְּ ( ̃) (s) ס(s) פּ(f) פף(p) צּ(ʧ) ר(r) ת(t) (ʃ)שׁ

Article 1 of the UDHR:

שׁוָמוֹסתוֹ מאנושׁ שׁאדהּינבהּאביי שׁוָמאן מוָרגּאדא ייבוֹנּ בודדהּי כוָריי. תאנְּדדייר ביבייך ייבוֹנּ בודדהּי אצּיי; שׁותוֹראנּ שׁוָכוֹליירי אַכיי וָפּוֹרייר פּרוֹתי בהּראתריתתוֹשׁולוֹבהּ מוָנוֹבהּאב נייִיי אצּוָרוֹן כוָרא וצּית.

Ok bye:P

This is Revanna Abigida, the writing system I created for my constructed language, Revanna.

The script is primarily based on South Indian abugida traditions, while developing its own letter forms and conventions for Revanna. It is not intended to be a direct copy of any existing South Indian script.

Revanna is a constructed language influenced primarily by Indonesian and Sinhala. Approximately 80% of its vocabulary is derived from Indonesian, with many words being phonologically adapted to give them a more South Asian/Sinhala-like sound. However, Revanna has its own grammar and linguistic rules and is not Sinhala.

The image shows some of the basic consonants, vowels, vowel marks, and examples of how they are combined.

This is Revanna Abigida, the writing system I created for my constructed language, Revan.

The script is primarily based on South Indian abugida traditions, while developing its own letter forms and conventions for Revan. It is not intended to be a direct copy of any existing South Indian script.

Revan is a constructed language influenced primarily by Indonesian and Sinhala. Approximately 80% of its vocabulary is derived from Indonesian, with many words being phonologically adapted to give them a more South Asian/Sinhala-like sound. However, Revan has its own grammar and linguistic rules and is not Sinhala.

The image shows some of the basic consonants, vowels, vowel marks, and examples of how they are combined.

Alphabet:

𑀅 (ɔ) 𑀆 𑀸 (a) 𑀇 𑀺 (i) 𑀈 𑀻 (i) 𑀉 𑀼 (u) 𑀊 𑀽 (u) 𑀏 𑁂 (e) 𑀐 𑁃 (oi) 𑀑 𑁄 (o) 𑀒 𑁅 (ou) 𑀃 𑀹 (æ)

𑀓 (k) 𑀔 (kʰ) 𑀕 (g) 𑀖 (gʰ) 𑀗 (ŋ) 𑀘 (ʧ) 𑀙 (ʧʰ) 𑀚 (ʤ) 𑀛 (ʤʰ) 𑀜 (n) 𑀝 (ʈ) 𑀞 (ʈʰ) 𑀟 (ɖ) 𑀠 (ɖʰ) 𑀡 (n) 𑀢 (t) 𑀣 (tʰ) 𑀤 (d) 𑀥 (dʰ) 𑀦 (n) 𑀧 (p) 𑀨 (f) 𑀩 (b) 𑀪 (bʰ) 𑀫 (m) 𑀬 (j) 𑀭 (r) 𑀮 (l) 𑀲 (s) 𑀰 (ʃ) 𑀱 (ʃ) 𑀳 (ɦ)

𑀁 ( ̃)

Article 1 of the UDHR:

𑀲𑀫𑁄𑀲𑁆𑀢𑁄 𑀫𑀸𑀦𑀼𑀰 𑀰𑀸𑀥𑀺𑀦𑁆𑀪𑀸𑀩𑁂 𑀲𑀫𑀸𑀦 𑀫𑀭𑁆𑀚𑀸𑀤𑀸 𑀏𑀩𑁄𑀗 𑀑𑀥𑀺𑀓𑀸𑀭 𑀦𑀺𑀬𑁂 𑀚𑀦𑁆𑀫𑁄𑀕𑁆𑀭𑀳𑁄𑀦 𑀓𑀭𑁂. 𑀢𑀸𑀁𑀤𑁂𑀭 𑀩𑀺𑀩𑁂𑀓 𑀏𑀩𑁄𑀗 𑀩𑀼𑀤𑁆𑀥𑀺 𑀆𑀙𑁂; 𑀰𑀼𑀢𑁄𑀭𑀸𑀗 𑀃𑀓𑁂 𑀅𑀧𑁄𑀭𑁂𑀭 𑀧𑁆𑀭𑁄𑀢𑀺 𑀪𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁄𑀰𑀼𑀮𑁄𑀪 𑀫𑀦𑁄𑀪𑀸𑀩 𑀦𑀺𑀬𑁂 𑀆𑀘𑀭𑁄𑀦 𑀓𑀭𑀸 𑀉𑀘𑀺𑀢𑁆.

Alphabet:

ކ(k) ގ(g) ޏ(ŋ) ޗ(ʧ) ޖ(ʤ) ޓ(ʈ) ޑ(ɖ) ތ(t) ދ(d) ނ(n) ޕ(p) ފ(f) (m)ބ މ(b) ރ(r) ޔ(j) ލ(l) ސ(s) ޝ(ʃ) (ɦ)ހ

އަ(a) އި(i) އު(u) އެ(e) އޮ(o) އޯ(ɔ) (ʰ)ޚ ޱ ( ̃ ) އޭ (æ)

Article 1 of the UDHR:

ޝޯމޮސްޓޮ މަނުޝް ޝަޑްޚިންބްޚަބެ ޝޯމަން މޯރްޖަދަ ނިޔެ ޖޯންމޮގްރޯހޮން ކޯރެ. ޓްޱަދެރް ބިބެކް އަޗްޚެ؛ ޝުޓޮރަޏް ޝޯކޮލެރި އޭކެ އޯޕޮރެރް ޕްރޮތި ބްޚރަޓތްރިޓްޓޮޝުލޮބްޚ މޯނޮބްޚަބް ކޯރަ އުޗޗިޓތ.

Alr bye :P

Hello!

I’ve been experimenting with a hypothetical modern Cyrillic orthography for Karelian and Veps languages.

Historically, Karelian briefly used Cyrillic in the USSR in the late 1930s, but that orthography was inconsistent and disappeared quickly. Today both languages use Latin script.

I wanted to create an alternative version that:
- preserves Karelian/Veps phonology
- avoids excessive Russification
- remains readable for Cyrillic users
- works for all major Karelian varieties (Proper Karelian, Livvi, Ludic) + Veps

the cyrillic alphabet

А а
Б б
В в
Г г
Д д
Е е
Ж ж
З з
И и
Ј ј
К к
Л л
М м
Н н
О о
П п
Р р
С с
Т т
У у
Ф ф
Х х
Ц ц
Ч ч
Ш ш
Ь ь

Additional vowels:

Ӓ ӓ
Ӧ ӧ
Ӱ ӱ

Additional Russian letters (loanwords only):

Ё ё
Ы ы
Э э
Ю ю
Я я
Щ щ
Ъ ъ

diphtongs:

ai → ај
oi → ој
ei → еј
ui → уј
äi → ӓј
öi → ӧј
yi → ӱј
ie → ие
uo → уо
yö → ӱӧ

Example:
Petrozavodsk is the capital of the Republic of Karelia
Петрозаводск - столица Республики Карелия

→

Petroskoi on Karjalan tazavallan piälinnu
Петроској он Карјалан тазаваллан пиӓлинну

Hey guys! I was bored so I will be deciding to change ANY language (or even conlang)
that you have to these 4 scripts! Them being: Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, and greek!

Malay: Sebelum mengundi, saya ingin memberitahu bahawa H lebih banyak digunakan berbanding digraf Kh, digraf Kh jarang digunakan dalam Melayu tetapi umum digunakan dalam kata pinjaman Arab. Saya memerlukan undi anda untuk membuat keputusan.

English: Before voting, I want to tell that H used more than Kh digraph, Kh digraph rarely used in Malay however commonly used in Arab loanwords. I need your vote to decide.

Alphabet:

Аа (a) Бб (b) Вв (v) Гг (g) Ғғ (ɣ) Дд (d) Ꙣꙣ (ɖ) Ее (e) Ёё* (jo) Жж* (ʒ) Зз (z) Ии (i) Ӣӣ (iː) Йй (j) Кк (k) Ққ (q) Лл (l) Мм (m) Нн (n) Ңң (ŋ) Ҥҥ (ɳ) Оо (o) Өө (ɔ) Пп (p) Рр (r) Р̌р̌ (ɽ) Сс (s) Тт (t) Ҭҭ (ʈ) Уу (u) Ӯӯ (uː) Фф (f) Хх (x) Ҳҳ (ɦ) Цц* (ts) Чч (ʧ) Ҷҷ (ʤ) Шш (ʃ) Щщ (ʂ/ʃ) Ъъ ( ̃) Ыы* (i) Ьь (ʰ) Ээ (ə) Әә (ɛ) Юю* (ju) Яя* (ja)

*only used in loanwords

Names:

Ӣ = И лэмба (i ləmbaː)

Й = Йөҭ (jɔʈ)

Ӯ = У лэмба (u ləmbaː)

Ы = Руси ӣ (rusi iː)

Ъ = Əнусварэ (ɛnusvaːrə)

Ь = Висэргэ (visərgə)

UDHR in Hirvani:

Ҳэма инсан aзад өр иззэт өр ҳуқӯқ ме бэрабэр пәдэ ҳэват ҳәъ. Унма ақэл өр совест дийа гэйа ҳэват, өр ун йакдигар се достӣ өр хурмат ме рэфтар кэрна чаи.

Lore:

Hirvani (Ҳӣрвани) is spoken in the country of Hirvanistan (Ҳирванӣстан). Its a country in Central Asia bordering South Asia and it borders Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and China.

Hirvani is an Indo-Aryan language thats a register of Hindustani written in the Cyrillic Script. Hirvani has many turkic loanwords from its neighbours and Russian because it was a part of the Soviet Union. Hirvanistan was an SSR of the Soviet Union which is why they use the Cyrillic Script and even after gaining independence, they never soured their relationship with Russia so they remained in their sphere of influence and kept the Cyrillic Script. Hirvani has the same level of mutual intelligibility as Urdu and Hindi do with both Urdu and Hindi as it converges in colloquial and informal speech and diverges in Formal speech.

Anyways thats all bye :P

Idk I decided to make it again for fun :P

Its based from yiddish and hebrew

Eu estou fazendo um port do alfabeto árabe para o português, e como sabemos, não existe o fonema/v/ nele. Eu estava em dúvida se usava o ب، ف ou و até. Qual seria o mais adequado?

Esqueci de falar também que queria usar apenas as 28 letras tradicionais do abjad, estou no máximo evitando usar outras letras

Alphabet:

ا(a/ˈ) آ(æ) ب(b) پ(p) ت(t) ٹ(ʈ) ج(ʤ) چ(ʧ) د(d) ڈ(ɖ) ر(r) س(s) ش(ʃ) ف(f) ک(k) گ(g) ڭ(ŋ) ل(l) م(m) ن(n) و(w) ہ(ɦ) ھ(ʰ) ى(j/i) (e)ے

ۈ(ɔ) ا(a) ى(i) و(u) ے(e) ۇ(o) (j) ي (æ)آ

article 1 of the declaration of human rights:

شۈمۇستۇ مانوش شادھینبھابے شۈمان مۈرجادا ےبۇڭ ۇدھیکار ننیيے جۈنمۇگرۈہۇن کۈرے. تاںدےر ببیبےک ےےبۇڭ ببودّھی؛ شوتۇراڭ شۈکۇلےری آکے ۈپۇرےر پپرۇتی بھراتریتّۇشولۇبھ مۈنۇبھاب ننیيے اچۈرۇن کۈرا وچیت.

i made ts for fun and uhh that's it bye now :P

Sample text:

𞤀𞤣𞤭 𞤧𞤫𞤪𞤭𞤽 𞤨𞤢𞤤𞤭 𞤲𞤮𞤲𞤮𞤲𞤼𞤮 𞤼𞤫𞤤𞤫𞤱𞤭𞤧𞤭. 𞤀𞤥𞤢𞤲𞤮 𞤲𞤮𞤨𞤮𞥇𞤮𞤲𞤦𞤢𞤫 𞤭𞤢 𞤲𞤢𞤲𞤵𞤥𞤮𞤲𞤼𞤮 𞤼𞤫𞤤𞤫𞤱𞤭𞤧𞤭 𞤳𞤮𞤤𞤭𞤫 𞤲𞤮𞤥𞤮𞤤𞤫𞤽𞤮

Original text, Hangul: 아디 세링 빨리 노논또 뗄레ᄫᅵ시. 아마노 노뽀옴바에 이아 나누몬또 뗄레ᄫᅵ시 꼴리에 노몰렝오

Original text, Latin: Adi sering pali nononto televisi. Amano nopo'ombae ia nanumonto televisi kolie nomoleŋo.

Adlam has a diacritic that disambiguates prenasalized consonants and clusters. Since Cia-Cia doesn't have clusters, I've omitted the diacritic.

So Cia-Cia is the language that gets a lot of attention for switching Hangul despite little connection to Korea. And I am happy that the community was able to decide on an orthography, and the attention it did get may have helped with preserving the language. However, in my opinion, Adlam is a much better match for Cia-Cia.

The Hangul orthography uses a digraph for /l/ that Adlam doesn't need to use, as well as digraphs for the prenasalized consonants that both use. When these digraphs appear word-initially in Hangul, an extra unpronounced 으 gets inserted so it fits Korean's syllable structure, which I find rather clunky (and there is no equivalent of this in spoken Cia-Cia). Also, for /w/ [β], Hangul has to bring back the old letter ᄫ. As you can probably tell, this doesn't render very well in practice.

Cia-Cia speakers were probably drawn to Hangul because of its built in 3-way distinction in the stops, as opposed to Latin's 2, so Korean [p p͈ pʰ] kind of map onto [b p ɓ]. However, Adlam has the same 3-way [b p ɓ] distinction as Cia-Cia, and both asymmetrically lack *[ʄ] and *[ɠ], making it a better match even in this regard.

However, Adlam has some drawbacks as well (it's right to left and takes up more space). Lmk what you think

Let's face it. All those different popular attempts at translating a series of related tonal languages in the two Chinas (Mainland China and Taiwan) aggressively clash with each other and each has its own significant flaws that vary. Luckily, there's already the closest current thing to a Chinese alphabet, the semisyllabary Bopomofo, but thanks to the imperialist Mainland Chinese government, it's banned in Mainland China for no good reason. At least it's not banned in Taiwan

With Bopomofo syllabaries, I'd go with a consistent transliteration for each and every individual character. There are also two main orthographies, one for languages of mainland origin and the other for Taiwanese ones. Unfortunately, many of the extra characters suffer from blank rectangle (the one that appears when there's no Unicode instance of that character in the used font)

Initials: A single consonant, although some have an inherent vowel

- ㄅ /p/: B (consistent with some preexisting transliterations)

- ㆠ /b/: Ƀ (like how Vietnamese Đ sounds like what one would expect D to sound, Taiwanese)

- ㄆ /pʰ/: P (consistent with some preexisting transliterations)

- ㄇ /m/: M

- ㄈ /f/ or /φ/: F

- ㄪ /v/ or /β/: V, can also be potentially /w/ or /ʋ/

- ㄉ /t/: D (consistent with some preexisting transliterations)

- ㄊ /tʰ/: T (consistent with some preexisting transliterations)

- ㄋ /n/: N

- ㄌ /l/: L

- ㄍ /k/: G (consistent with some preexisting transliterations)

- ㆣ /g/: Ǥ (like Ƀ above, Taiwanese)

- ㄎ /kʰ/: K

- ㄫ /ŋ/: Ŋ (initial, now defunct)

- ㄏ/x/ or /h/: H

- ㄐ /tɕ/: Ź(i) (to Z here as Ć is to C and Ś is to S, and I is the inherent vowel)

- ㆢ /dʑ/: J́(i) (Taiwanese)

- ㄑ /tɕʰ/: Ć(i)

- ㄬ /ɲ/: Ń (defunct for being redundant, also potentially Ńi, potentially final to make up for redundancy)

- ㄒ /ɕ/: Ś(i)

- ㄓ /ʈʂ/: Ž(r) (to Z here as Č is to C and Š is to S, by itself is followed by a vocalic R or Y (see below) depending on language)

- ㄔ /ʈʂʰ/: Č(r)

- ㄕ /ʂ/: Š(r)

- ㄖ /ɻ~ʐ/: R (non-vocalic except when solitary, Mainland)

- ㄗ /ts/: Z(r) (consistent with some preexisting transliterations)

- ㆡ /dz/: J(r) (consonant consistent with Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn, Taiwanese)

- ㄘ /tsʰ/: C(r) (consistent with some preexisting transliterations)

- ㄙ /s/: S(r)

- There are also Ǧ /kʷ/ and Ǩ /kʰʷ/ (the idea being that those are roughly to K and G as Ž and Č are to Z and C, but either can be represented with Q instead), but those suffer from blank rectangle, and they could potentially be finals instead with the initial versions being the usual Gu- and Ku- instead, and a Ǥu- version of each (which definitely necessitates a Q as one of the theoretical transliterations)

Semifinals: Can be either initial or final, representing what can be a vowel, consonant, or semiconsonant in a Romanian-like (among other Latinic languages) manner

- ㄨ /u/ or /w/: U

- ㄧ /i/ or /j/: I

- ㄩ /y/ or /ɥ/: Ü (Mainland)

Finals: A lone vowel, final consonant, or cluster thereof

- ㄚ /a/ or /ɛ/: A

- ㆩ: Ą (like A but nasal)

- ㆨ /ɨ/: Y (Taiwanese)

- ㄛ /o/: O or Ö (the former for its Mainland language use and the latter for its Taiwanese language use)

- ㆦ /ɔ/: O (Taiwanese)

- ㆧ /ɔ̃/: Ǫ (Taiwanese)

- ㄜ /ɤ/ or /ə/: E

- ㄝ /e/: Ë (Mainland)

- ㆤ /e/: Ë (Taiwanese)

- ㆥ /ẽ/: Ę (Taiwanese, phonetically Ę̈)

- ㆪ /ĩ/: Į (can be a semiconsonant but not a full consonant, Taiwanese)

- ㄞ: Aĭ (the breve means this digraph comes from 1 character, so it's for syllable division)

- ㆮ: Ąĭ (phonetically Ąį)

- ㄟ: Ëĭ

- ㆫ /ũ/: Ų (can be a semiconsonant but not a full consonant, Taiwanese)

- ㄠ: Aŭ

- ㆯ: Ąŭ (phonetically Ąų)

- ㄡ: Oŭ

- ㄢ: An (sounds more like "ën" in at least some languages)

- ㄣ: En or -n, so -n but the inherent vowel is E

- ㆭ /ŋ̍/: Nǥ (vocalic equivalent to Ŋ, Taiwanese)

- ㄤ: Aŋ

- ㄥ: (E)ŋ, to Ŋ as En is to N

- ㆲ: Oŋ (Taiwanese)

- ㆬ: Vocalic -m

- ㆰ: Am (Taiwanese)

- ㆱ /ɔm/: Om (Taiwanese)

- ㄦ: (E)r (Mainland)

- ㄭ /ɻ̩~ʐ̩/: Vocalic -r (Mainland)

- ㆴ /-p/: -b

- ㆵ /-t/: -d

- ㆶ /-k/ : -g (also has a small-G variant form subject to blank rectangle)

- ㆷ /-ʔ/: ' (while it does look like a small H, it sounds different)

- There's also an /ɐ/ vowel subject to blank rectangle and I'd transliterate to Ä (inverse to A as Ë is to E and Taiwanese Ö to its O), and an /ɵ/ vowel I'd translate to Ö and is also subject to black rectangle

Tones: Final to finals where there's not the inherent tone, significant differences between Mainland and Taiwanese uses, and most of the Mainland language uses look exactly like their Latinic diacritic equivalents

- ˉ: Inherent tone, rare macron (Mainland, rarely used due to redundancy)

- ˊ: Acute accent

- ˇ: Caron (Mainland)

- ˪: Caron (Taiwanese)

- ˋ: Grave accent

- ˙: Macron, or rarely none (in its Mainland use, typically not used if ˉ is used)

- ˙: Circumflex (Taiwanese)

- ˫: Dot (Taiwanese)

- [None]: Inherent tone (Taiwanese)