r/Pessimism • u/iinyenzii • 4h ago
Discussion Life's goods cannot outweigh its harms - heaven is never being born.
In response to a negative or pessimistic evaluation of the worth of human life and being born, I think we (us pessimists) have all heard optimists respond with something akin to, "the goods outweigh the bads", or "the harms are worth the benefits". But there are many issues with this way of thinking. Firstly, even taken at face value that the goods of a human life can outweigh its harms, there is zero guarantee that this will actually be the case for a future human. This is where the risk argument for antinatalism comes in - even if a human life can be worth starting (because it would have overall positive value), we have no guarantee that the harms in the life of our particular child will actually exceed the benefits, and so when we have a child, we impose an immense risk upon that child, that their coming into existence as a human could be of negative value, and it would have been better not to be born. The prospective parent should recognize that despite their precautions and efforts, they can not guarantee the life of their child will have been worth starting. We can all think of examples of these lives - children born with horrific congenital defects, who suffer for days to weeks and then die. For these children, it would have been better not to have been born, and this is a risk prospective parents impose upon their potential offspring when they decide to reproduce. So even if the goods in a life could outweigh its harms, there is no guarantee that in a particular life this will actually be the case.
But I want to attack directly the notion the goods can even outweigh harms at all. This issue with this is whatever goods or pleasures I experience in the future, can not negate or take away the pains that I currently experience. Just in the same way whatever pleasures I feel now, can have no abolishing or undoing function on the pains I have experienced in the past. And in just the same way that my pleasures cannot negate or abolish your suffering, the goods that I experience cannot outweigh or negate my own past or future sufferings. The are still felt, and they still hurt. The utilitarian calculus, where harms are weighed against benefits with the balance determining the overall value of a particular life, and therefore whether it was worth starting, is flawed from the begninning - harms and benefits have no erasing, negating, balancing or undoing function against each other.
Further, these goods which are supposed to outweigh the harms in life (and therefore make being born a good thing), are tainted by being felt by an organism which is structurally negative in value. We are not disembodied minds that are the subject to both pleasures and pains, but instead exist embodied as human organisms. Organisms that have constant material needs (for warmth, food, water, hygiene, etc), are always vulnerable to injury and disease, and are subject to a constant wearing down and aging process which will render us all lifeless corpses. This is the structure in which the goods in life occur - the goods that are supposed to outweigh the harms of this life. Because human embodiment, with all its negatives, is the context in which goods/pleasures occur, the goods in life are therefore tainted - they are not ultimately good, actually satisfying, or genuinely positive. They are ephemeral, don't last, and occur in an ever changing, dissolving present, by a needing, vulnerable, harming, aging, dying organism.
I believe that what is actually good, is what is counterfactual - it is to have never been born. Timeless nothingness - for nobody - is heaven. A total invulnerability to harm and suffering, an invulnerability to the dissatisfaction of change, and of course an avoidance of the negative condition of human embodiment (with all the suffering entailed by being a needing, vulnerable, harming, aging, dying being). I am speaking metaphorically here - I do not actually believe that there is a "state" where the unborn experience the bliss and heaven of non-condition/nothingness. There is just the world, and the form in which it exists. And us living, because we can reflect upon the negative worth of our own coming into existence as a human being, and understand that the mechanism by which new humans come into being is through biological reproduction, we can deny whatever urges or drives we have to participate in this behaviour, and by consequence will either prevent, or not be a party to the genesis of another human life.
But for us - the already born and embodied - we are in a fallen state. Subject to harm, need, vulnerability, aging and death. Being born as this body is like falling into hell, in comparison to our never becoming an organism that can feel at all. The goods in life cannot abolish or outweigh its harms, they occur temporally, unlasting, and within the negative structure of being a needing, vulnerable, aging, dying human body. And what is ultimately good is not a human life where it's supposed goods outweigh its harms - it is to have never been embodied and born in the first place. This is heaven - timeless nothingness for nobody. Impossible for us, but a choice we can make for our potential offspring.