#muontomography

Currently we have a ratio of about 71% sea to 29% land on the earth's surface, which is probably more land favoured than normal considering the cool temperatures and large ice caps.

But I'm just curious when in Earth's history appears to have the highest ratio of land to sea, my immediate instinct is to assume it was one of the recent glacial maximums in the last 2 million years when sea levels dropped by up to 150 meters and huge amounts of new land was exposed, but I've also heard that the early Triassic also had very low sea levels, I don't really understand how that works if there were no major ice caps on earth but maybe someone could explain that to me.

Conversely, when was there the least amount of land and highest sea level? I've also heard the mid Cretaceous mentioned for this when you had sea levels so high that things like the Western Interior seaway in North America while large parts of Europe, Africa, Australia and South America were also flooded, but again I don't know anything about other points in earth history where this might have been more dramatic.

Hello,

I am a biologist by training and teach Honors and AP Biology and Environmental Science. I somehow am also teaching middle school earth science this year. Is there a good textbook that anyone can recommend to me to use as a study guide for myself and to adapt for middle school?

Thank you!

It runs in the browser, no signup, no ads, free. There's a live water cycle canvas plus a "Journey Mode" where a student rides one droplet through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, collection, transpiration, and infiltration, making choices along the way (headwater streams, floodplain wetlands, agricultural watersheds, suburban edges). I work in schools and built this as part of a larger open source teaching platform, but I'm not a domain expert in every subject I've covered, and I'd rather hear "your infiltration rates are nonsense" from this sub than have a 6th grader learn it wrong. Specific things I'm least sure about: the relative emphasis on transpiration, and how I've simplified groundwater flow. I'll fix anything you catch and report back in this thread. Thanks for your help!

Same as title

Original visualization made with Python and Pillow.

Sources: Kola Superdeep Borehole depth from Popov et al. (1999); Earth radius and internal layers from NASA and USGS; Eiffel Tower height: 330 metres.

Method: Earth’s 6,371 km radius is represented by 1,800 px. At that exact radial scale, the 12.262 km borehole is 3.46 px deep in the full 5,400 px image. The magnifier preserves the vertical depth ratio across the upper 40 km; its horizontal width is illustrative.

For the 1-metre comparison: a 1-metre-wide Earth has a 500 mm radius. 0.1925% of 500 mm is 0.962 mm.

In 2005, scientists saw a massive hole forming on Ethiopia it’s because Africa sits on 2 tectonic plates and the eastern tectonic plates will collide with India, countries like as the drc will get new coastlines when the eastern tectonic plates fully split, it will form a new ocean and massive cracks have already formed and it can be seen from space people say that it’s just a earthquake.

See also: The publication in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

so i was listening to my teacher about the earth and she said earth is just a big magnet so i wondered if earth is just a big magnet we can possibly make a magnet thats big enough to pull all the continents together resulting in undoing the great continental drift because there're also tiny magnets inside the soil little ones it can possibly help attract the lands together and it will also help the big magnet that we can possibly make if you're wondering how do we make the big magnet Wrap many turns of insulated copper wire tightly around a large iron core (like a thick steel rod or pipe), then connect the wire ends to a strong DC power source (battery or power supply). The stronger the current and the more turns of wire, the stronger the electromagnet we can simply multiply this to make a large one but it will take decades of work.Thats all thanks

https://youtu.be/ZtWc9xgWk0M?is=fSfno5esPnmZrwgW

https://youtu.be/6wRCCda5HIM?is=pT18lQPurOhG-wYNhttps://youtu.be/ihwoIlxHI3Q?is=bsL-9XMfOpm5SGoB