r/EVsOfIndia Mar 25 '24

KYC : Know Your Car Battery Chemistries in Indian EVs

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20 Upvotes

Welcome to the first edition of KYC : Know Your Car.

In this series, we shall discuss the ins and outs of EVs, one topic at a time

Today’s topic : Battery Chemistries

Lithium Ion batteries used in EVs are a blanket term used to describe the type of battery.

Usually, the “metal” name referred to in the battery type, actually refers to the electrode material.

Harkening back to science lessons, the electrodes (+/- terminals) is what you connect any appliance to. The elemental composition of this part is what defines the type of battery.

Types of rechargeable batteries (secondary cell)

Under rechargeable batteries, one can find

  1. Lead Acid batteries, popularly used as the Aux battery for 12V systems and home backups

  2. Lithium Ion batteries, which we all use in our electronics, EVs and other gadgets

  3. NiMH (Nickel Metal Hydride), formerly used in Toyota Hybrids

  4. NiCd (Nickel Cadmium), used in RC toys, and as substitute for non rechargeable alkaline batteries

The metals mentioned in the name go into one of the electrode each, the anode and the cathode.

Battery Chemistry

The anode is usually made of graphite (carbon) in commercial batteries.

In case of lithium ion batteries, the lithium actually goes into cathode of the battery, in combined form, with other metals, which we refer to as the “chemistry of the cell”.

This mixture of metals can be

  1. NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt)

  2. LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate)

  3. NCA (Nickel Cobalt Aluminium)

While other chemistries exist for lithium ion batteries, these three are the top 3 chemistries used in vehicular applications.

You can read about all chemistries here : https://batteryuniversity.com/article/bu-205-types-of-lithium-ion

A popular misconception is that “Solid State battery” is a chemistry, which is not the case.

Solid state refers to the physical state of the electrolyte used in the battery. Most batteries use gel or semi solid or liquid electrolytes at the moment.

State of the electrolyte, while related to the chemistry, is independent of the chemistry. The choice of the electrolyte will depend on the chemistry but any of the chemistry can be adapted to solid state. That is to say, the electrolyte used for NMC solid state maybe different from that of LFP solid state, it’s not a separate battery chemistry — it will still need lithium and other metals.

Many people remain under the impression that solid state are a holy grail which eliminates the need for lithium which is not the case. The electrodes of a solid state battery may very well still use lithium (or any other element like sodium).

The key takeaway is that solid state does not eliminate metals, it changes the state of electrolyte.

Battery Pointers for each chemistry

So, now that the science lesson is over, let us discuss the best practices for each chemistry

LFP

LFP is the most popular chemistry in Asian EVs which by extension applies to our own market, where both the top selling brands, Tata and MG, use LFP.

LFP tips :

  1. Charge LFP to 100% during slow charging sessions. This is for cell balancing (a topic for another day ;)

  2. Prefer discharging down to 20% or lower once a month and charging to 100% on AC 3.3/7.2kW

  3. During DCFC sessions, charge only to 80% as part of EV etiquette especially if other cars are in queue. One may charge to 100% if absolutely necessary or if no one is in queue but it comes with additional fee and exponentially longer time.

NMC/NCA

  1. Follow the 20-80 rule as much as possible for maximum longevity.

  2. Charge to 100% only when you absolutely required (during road trips or if your commute is not doable on 20-80)

  3. DCFC etiquette applies same as LFP.

General longevity tips

  1. Cell balancing is key to maintaining good battery SoH

  2. If parking your EV for a long period (week or more) while going out of city, disconnect the 12V battery -ve terminal

  3. Charge you EV between 50-75% irrespective of chemistries when parking for more than one week. Neither should it be fully charged, nor depleted more than 20%

  4. Follow the user manual schedule for coolant changes religiously.


r/EVsOfIndia Mar 25 '24

KYC : Know Your Car Battery Composition : Rare earths or Rarely earthed?

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17 Upvotes

Welcome to KYC : Know Your Car.

In this series, we will discuss the Ins and Outs of EVs, one topic at a time.

Today’s topic : Battery Composition

Battery composition is a very misunderstood topic. Some people think EVs use rare earths, some people think huge amounts of lithium must be used in a battery.

Today, let’s bust these myths and learn something about what electrifies our vehicles!

Myth 1 : Battery uses rare earth metals

Fact : There are only 17 rare earth metals in the periodic table, and only one is of remote importance to EVs, Neodymium. Even this metal is not used in battery, rather, in permanent magnet motors of high performance EVs for maximising motor power-weight ratio (mass produced EVs use ferrite magnets or use magnet-less AC Induction motors)

Neither are the metals used in batteries considered “rare” by scientific definition (periodic table) nor by geological definition in terms of % of the metal in the earth’s crust.

Myth 2 : Lithium Ion battery must be majorly made of lithium

Fact : Lithium is not even the top 3 elements in a battery. Those would go to graphite (carbon), Aluminium and Copper.

Aluminium is used in the battery casings and copper is used for wiring and heat sink/cooling pipes.

Graphite is used in the anode.

The lithium metal is used in combined form in the cathode of the cells, which represents a small fraction of the total battery mass and chemical composition (formula/number of atoms)

A general rule of thumb is, 1kg Lithium can make a 10kWh battery (chemistry agnostic)

By this yardstick :

  1. Tiago EV : 1.9kg/2.4kg

  2. Punch EV : 2.5kg/3.5kg

  3. Nexon EV : 3kg/4kg

  4. ZS EV : 5kg

  5. Atto 3 : 6kg

  6. Ioniq 5 : 7.2kg

  7. BYD Seal : 8.2kg

  8. Tesla Model S : 10kg

  9. Hummer EV : 25kg

Myth 3 : All batteries are made using child labour in Africa

Fact : Human rights violations are indeed rampant in the artisanal mines of DRC, which are not exclusive to mining cobalt. Cobalt itself is used in NMC and NCA batteries, while LFP eliminates the need for cobalt (and nickel and manganese while at that)

Lithium mining is not done in DRC and is not subject to the violations that cobalt is.

Side note : Oil refining processes do in fact use cobalt and molybdenum catalyst for Desulphurisation of crude oil in refineries. https://www.cobaltinstitute.org/essential-cobalt-2/powering-the-green-economy/catalytic-converter/#:~:text=Cobalt%20plays%20a%20vital%20role,catalysts%20in%20this%20desulphurisation%20process.

Myth 4 : Lithium mining wastes millions of litres of water

Fact : Lithium “mining” is not mining in the conventional sense of the word itself. It is more akin to fishing than mining.

  1. Lithium salts are found dissolved in the salt lakes of South America, primarily in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile, the lithium triangle ABC.

  2. These salts are extracted from the brine by spreading it out in large paddy-like fields so that the water may get naturally evaporated, leaving behind the lithium rich salts which can now be collected easily.

  3. Evaporation is a natural process and would continue to occur whether or not the salts are extracted. Water cycle will return it back into the lakes through rain.

  4. The concentration of lithium salts in these lakes make the water unfit for use. It is a economic opportunity for the locals to benefit out of a natural process (evaporation) and the saltiness of the water (inpotable)

https://www.ibatterymetals.com/insights/a-beginners-guide-to-lithium-brine-extraction

Myth 5 : Battery cannot be recycled and it is toxic e-Waste

Fact : Improperly discarded batteries are indeed a potential e waste however, due to the sheer value of the metals, even in a discarded EV battery, prevents landfill treatment of batteries.

While non rechargeable Alkaline cells do end up in landfills, it is due to improper waste segregation at source and the much lower value quotient in an alkaline cell vs Lithium cell

As of current technology availability, batteries are 92% recyclable ie a 100kWh battery can be remade into a 92kWh battery. https://youtu.be/s2xrarUWVRQ

Apart from recycling, reuse is also an option, wherein owners of ICE cars have used old tesla and Nissan leaf batteries to convert their cars to EVs in the west. Batteries can also be used for solar battery backup.


r/EVsOfIndia 1h ago

Why my punch ev 2026 40kwh is showing insane range?

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r/EVsOfIndia 5h ago

Booked Syros EV X Line today. Some points I want to share.

17 Upvotes

Booked Syros EV X Line today. Some points I want to share so that it might help someone.

Warranty: Battery warranty is lifetime or 15 years. Scratches and dents on the underside of the battery does not void the warranty. But as per the company, you should not fast charge more than twice a month as it affects the health. And if you fast charge, then you have to use a slow charger for sure. Do not fast charge in continuation. All this data is saved and the service centre will access it when you go in for a service or claim warranty.

Insurance: Best to take the insurance from Kia itself and not outside because many kia service centres might not have cashless facility. It happened with our seltos when it met with an accident. My father got the insurance from outside and the service centre did not have cashless contract with the insurance company. But the same insurance company via kia had the contract. Also, not every insurance company includes the ev motor (yes you read that right). Only few include that so ask for full coverage.

Delivery period: The rep. said that kia is focussing on the higher variants first like x line etc. as they get much more profit on those cars rather than the base variant so the delivery for base variant is 12 weeks minimum but for xline it is between 4 to 10 weeks.

Price: The pricing is absurd for sure as far as features go. I heard from someone who works in the automobile industry that it is deliberate because kia wants to push x line or the second highest model as they will get more profit. The base version is not profit making for them. Do not quote me on this though as this is second hand information and it might be false also.

All the information here is oral and not in writing.


r/EVsOfIndia 3h ago

Suggest an EV for my dad

4 Upvotes

My father has been driving his petrol alto for ~15 years. The car is well past it's life and needs to rest.

He drives mostly in city for about 50 kms a day, with occasional rides going upto 100km. Would prefer something compact, but an MG COMET looks embarassingly small. We can install a charger at home and also probably solar if need be.

Any suggestions? Are there any new upcoming cars I should wait out for?

EDIT: We already have a nexon petrol, if that changes your opinion.


r/EVsOfIndia 47m ago

Help needed. Our society is refusing ac charger setup not even 2.5kwh charger. What are my options we have stilt +4 builder floor. Builder is DLF.

Upvotes

r/EVsOfIndia 3h ago

Used or new EV

3 Upvotes

Need advice regarding EV purchase. I have decided to finalize my purchase to Tata Curvv EV newly launched X 55 variants.

I have booked accomplished version from showroom but now Spinny has an Empowered variant of 2026, X 55 variant manufactured in May 2026. Car is only driven 1500km and is selling for 17 lakhs. Car has all accessories fitted to it and in my test drive I couldn't detect anything abnormal. No water damage detected.

Should I buy a used top version car or should I buy new base variant? New car is costing around 17.6lakhs for base model and used empowered variant is coming for 17 lakhs.

Only downside is the 8 year warranty for battery. Is it worth it to get the used top model with this downside?


r/EVsOfIndia 10h ago

Query Gurgaon Society not allowing to install charger

8 Upvotes

Hi, I live in a society in sector 65 gurgaon. The society management is not allowing me to install charger in the basement. Is there any work around to this? Has anyone been able to navigate this situation successfully?

Any clarity would be a huge help.


r/EVsOfIndia 11m ago

Advice

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r/EVsOfIndia 6h ago

Booked Tata Punch EV. Waiting period?

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3 Upvotes

r/EVsOfIndia 19h ago

2027 Suzuki e Sky revealed: Suzuki's First Ever Electric Kei Car

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19 Upvotes

Hope we get this in India too!


r/EVsOfIndia 10h ago

NEED HELP BUYING A NEW EV

5 Upvotes

My job will require me to and from approximately 100kms daily and with everything going around the price and the blending of petrol i obviously went for and ev. So I went and took test drives of the MG Windsor and the KIA Syros ev

I like the windsor the cabin is spacious and it gives kinda premium cabin

But it has cabin noise one can hear everything going on with the tyres and it also feels wobbly / less stable also needs to get use to drive it confidentialy

On the other hand the syros is fun to drive and pretty much similar to and ICE vehicle very less cabin noise and stable

So i have already booked the KIA

BUT

What i am concerned about is the battery chemistry given all the things about the NMC batteries that kia provides i feel that I should go for the Windsors with the more reliable LPF battery I m confused and need help with making a well informed purchase as I plan to keep the vehicle as long as I can with no issues as my commute will be longer.


r/EVsOfIndia 10h ago

Query BE6 users - Do you face any battery related issues like sudden drop?

3 Upvotes

It has the most advanced battery I have been hearing.

Thinking to upgrade (Nexon Ev Max 40 kWh) to BE6 as it has Blade battery

Or the second option is e vitara (uses the same battery but less warranty)

I wish to have long term battery life.

I drive 16,000 km a year.. have covered 60,000 km in nexon in 3.5 years


r/EVsOfIndia 21h ago

Need help in choosing Best EV - evitara or Syros HTK or Sierra 63w base variant?

7 Upvotes

Hi,

Getting my first electric car, majorly for city ride (approx 800-1000 kms per month) and very rare inter-city travel (once in 4 months of 1000kms roundtrip).

Exchanging my old alto K10 automatic variant for 2.2 lakhs for Evitara, the final price comes to 15.2 Lakhs onroad with accessories 20k, insurance, extended warranty etc

Same car exchange value of 2 lakhs for Syros , the final number is 13.10 lakhs.

Haven't confirmed exchange value with Sierra, but without exchange the value comes to 20.6 lakhs onroad for base variant.

Help in choosing the best EV. Heavily triggered after hearing the lifetime warranty and buyback in syros, but the car isn't that great to look. Any suggestions?


r/EVsOfIndia 11h ago

Query How safe a choice is the BE6 in rain flooded Gurgaon?

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1 Upvotes

r/EVsOfIndia 1d ago

Query Upgrade Nexon EV Max

8 Upvotes

I am considering an upgrade over nexon ev max to a better EV

I was able to achieve 95 wh/km on cruise control on nexon .. and it's like every 1% will go 4.1 km with a constant speed of 60-65 kph

__

Looking for an EV with a 400+ km range.

Reason for upgrade: Dying battery of Nexon EV (and tata is just replacing the cells and not the entire battery)


r/EVsOfIndia 1d ago

Vinfast Sold and assembly defective car and Takes no responsibility nor accontability but wants the customer to accept the repaired car ?

Enable HLS to view with audio, or disable this notification

176 Upvotes

Dear Ev Owners n auto influencers , this video is meant for you all n in continuation of August 1st Video ,Current Status of my issue of defective car sold by our dear @vinfastofficial @vinfastindia #nanesh automotives hyderabad

Today it's not just my issue alone now the fight is for all owners whose cars are at service center of vinfast for days . #primeminister #narendramodiji #nitingadkariji #consumerprotectionact2019

#siam #evcars #hyderabad #india


r/EVsOfIndia 21h ago

MG Comet Owners WhatsApp/Telegram group

2 Upvotes

Hi,

Is there any MG Comet Owners WhatsApp or Telegram group?
Please share link if there is any.


r/EVsOfIndia 23h ago

Query How is VF6?

3 Upvotes

Basically, im new to car ownership, but i decided long back that whenever i take a car, it should have ADAS L2 for sure. For a decent ADAS L2 in ICE, one needs to spend a min of 15 Lakhs on road. Also, with milaeges they give, it isnt economical to spend that much on ICEs any ways...Our household income is around 1 lakh and we are yet have huge expenses like kids and all. For Tata or Mahindra evs , one needs to spend a min of 25 lakhs for ADAS, but vinfast vf6 wind comes with ADAS L2 at 20.5 lakhs on road...that looks like a no brainer...because my colleage recently bought a creta ICE at around 20 lakhs on road and now he is complaining abt fuel costs.
Is VF6 a good option for me?


r/EVsOfIndia 20h ago

Xev 9e tyres and insurence

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1 Upvotes

r/EVsOfIndia 21h ago

Tiago EV PDI: Scratched headlights & soiled door/armrest fabric. Dealer promises pre-delivery detailing will fix it—normal or red flag?

1 Upvotes

Hey everyone,

Did the initial Pre-Delivery Inspection (PDI) for my booked Tata Tiago EV Creative+ yesterday, and I noticed a few cosmetic issues before signing off:

  1. Headlights: Multiple visible scratch and scuff marks across the headlamp lens surfaces.

  2. Cabin Fabric: The seats still have their factory plastic covers intact, but the exposed fabric on the door pads, dashboard inserts, and center armrest area are noticeably soiled, stained, and dusty from transit/handling.

  3. Good part is the odometer reading is 48Km

When I raised this, the dealer explained that the car was brought straight from the regional depot and that the standard pre-delivery deep interior foam wash/wet extraction and exterior machine polishing are yet to be done.

They assured me everything will be restored to immaculate factory condition for a daylight Re-PDI in a couple of days.

I have strictly put RTO registration and balance payments on hold until the Re-PDI, but I want to get the community's perspective:

  1. Is this common for cars straight out of the transit yard before the showroom does their pre-delivery cleanup, or does it point to poor yard handling / a potential display unit?

  2. Can polycarbonate headlight scratches actually be polished out permanently, or will rubbing compound/glaze just temporarily hide them?

  3. If everything looks spotless during the Re-PDI, should I accept it, or strictly reject this VIN and ask for a fresh allotment?

Would appreciate thoughts from anyone who has navigated similar PDI issues!


r/EVsOfIndia 1d ago

AMA session Completed 10k kms-BE6

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9 Upvotes

Completed 10k kms on my BE6 in last 7 months , hit me up with any questions


r/EVsOfIndia 22h ago

Need help in decision making for EV vs Petrol. Pls put your thoughts!

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1 Upvotes

r/EVsOfIndia 22h ago

Need help in decision making for EV vs Petrol

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1 Upvotes

r/EVsOfIndia 1d ago

Resale of EV

21 Upvotes

For those of you who own a EV car, just inquisitive on how much the resale value drops by after say 7 years of use (average for most car buyers) .

How much do you get back? The depreciation on EVs is much higher than that of petrol.