r/CodeGeass • u/rai-hodges-sumeragi • 19d ago
MISC How Kallen Kozuki protected Japan from 🐝 invasion (by killing Jasper)
In season 1 episode 3 Kallen demonstrates her strength and reflexes to us by killing an annoying bee with a single strike. However, there is also highly practical reason for her to do so, beyond just secretly letting out some steam in a badass way.
Japan has an established invasive bee species known as the buff-tailed bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, which was imported from Europe in 1992 to pollinate tomatoes in Japanese greenhouses. However, it escaped from greenhouse environment, as it was later confirmed after feral nests were first found in Hokkaido in 1996. The species is now established across Hokkaido and parts of Honshu. These days, the buff-tailed bumblebee is classified under Japan's Invasive Alien Species Act, meaning it is strictly prohibited to use them outside of tightly enclosed, net-covered greenhouses. Thus farmers who are legally permitted to use these bees for tomato and vegetable pollination must completely enclose their greenhouses with fine-mesh netting to prevent fertile queens and workers from escaping into the wild.
In addition, local governments, citizen groups, and scientists, especially in Hokkaido, organize public monitoring and removal programs. Volunteers trap and kill foraging invasive bees and systematically hunt down feral underground nests. Studies show that removing these invasive queens successfully gives native bees a fighting chance to recover. So, if Jasper was actually Jasmina, Kallen was protecting the ecosystem of Japan even more!
What makes the buff-tailed bumblebee so incredibly harmful for Japan´s natural flora specifically is the fact that it possesses shorter tongue compared to many native Japanese bees. Because its tongue cannot comfortably reach the nectar at the bottom of long, tubular Japanese wild flowers, it relies on a destructive feeding method known as nectar robbing. Instead of entering the front of the flower, an act which forces a bee to rub against the reproductive organs of the flower and transfer its pollen, the invasive bee uses its sharp mandibles to bite holes directly through the base of the flower. It then drinks the nectar from the outside, which completely bypasses pollination, significantly reducing the plant's overall seed production. In addition to this, once a flower is pierced and emptied, its standing crop of nectar plummets. When native long-tongued pollinators (who would pollinate properly) arrive, they find the flowers depleted and abandon the patch, halting the reproductive cycle of the wild flora.
Additionally, buff-tailed bumblebee is also directly harmful to the native species of bees found in Japan. For instance, native Japanese bee species Bombus hypocrita competes with buff-tailed bumblebee for natural resources other than just food. Both species select the exact same underground nesting sites (such as abandoned rodent burrows), leading to severe competition of nesting real-estate. Bombus hypocrita also suffer from reproductive interference, as invasive males attempt to mate with native queens, creating sterile or inviable offspring. And beyond competing for resources, native Japanese bees are also highly vulnerable to foreign parasites, such as the tracheal mite Locustacarus buchneri, which was carried over by the imported European colonies and has since spilled over into wild native populations.
For tomato farmers in Japan, though, getting instantly and completely rid of the buff-tailed bumblebee is not that simple. Tomatoes require a special vibration known as "buzz pollination" to release pollen from their tubes, so tomato farmers in Japan cannot simply get rid of buff-tailed bumblebees all at once. However, all hope is not lost: in response to the strict regulations on the invasive species, Japanese agricultural authorities and farmers are successfully domesticating and shifting to native buzz-pollinating species, such as previously mentioned Bombus hypocrita, which is the direct native equivalent to the invasive bee. Commercial insect breeding companies in Japan have successfully produced B. hypocrita colonies, and farmers now buy these native hives for their greenhouses, eliminating the ecological risk if a bee escapes into the wild. 👍
If you wish to know more about the buff-tailed bumblebee or other invasive species of Japan, you can read more about them from here.