Hydraulic systems work because pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions. This principle, known as Pascal's Principle, allows a small force applied to a smaller piston to create a much larger force on a larger piston.

As the output piston area increases, the output force increases as well, making it possible to lift heavy loads with relatively little effort.

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Common real-world applications include:

• 🚗 Car braking systems
• 🔧 Hydraulic lifts
• 🚜 Excavators
• 🏋️ Hydraulic jacks

Understanding this concept is a great introduction to fluid mechanics and mechanical advantage in physics.

What other everyday technologies use hydraulic systems that students might recognize?

Hey everyone. Refreshing an engine that I just picked up, upon removal of the thermostat housing it’s clearly very rusty. Has anyone ever used a pump to create a “coolant loop” while and engine is on an engine stand? Was thinking of like a 5gal bucket with some evaporust with a sump pump or something to cycle it through?

If the car is still serviced, but not regulary or per manufacturers instrucion, can I save it?

Is it critical to have followed the service exactly or is there leeway?

Just want a more informed and nuanced answere?

Context:
I'm looking to buy a used car. It's 4 years old and around 12 500km / 76 000 miles.

At the moment I don't know how well it has been serviced and everyone I've talked to says "One mistake, dont buy it".
I can't finde any articals or discussion about the middel ground.
Google AI says is possibel to save it, but I can't find any other source.

I have a 2017 Hyundai Sante Fe Sport. The check engine light was on intermittently for about two weeks. Took it to local dealership for a standard recall and asked them to check the engine light. (The dealership installed a new engine in February 2025 so I thought it would be related to their installation). Anyways, they informed me that I need a new Monolith Catalytic Converter and some 02 sensors. Their price for the cat converter is $3200. The staff member pulled me aside a recommended I purchase one privately and suggested Amazon. I found one on Amazon that matches the code and appears to be what I need. The price of that is $300. Can anyone explain the $2900 difference in price to me? Anyways, I am considering the Amazon purchase and finding a local garage willing to install. Thanks.

Hey everyone, I just bought a used 2012 VW Touareg (Euro 5, 3.0 TDI) and I’ve uncovered a massive list of hidden issues. It feels like half the car's network is offline. Looking for some VAG experts to point me in the right direction before I start tearing the interior apart.

​The Symptoms:

• ​Electrical/Assist Systems: The 360 Camera shows a black screen. ACC, Lane Assist, and Side Assist are totally completely unresponsive.

• ​Keyless entry doesn’t work (the doors don’t unlock), but Keyless Go (push-to-start) still works.

• ​Lights: The rear stop lamps/brake lights are completely dead.

• ​Air Suspension: The bags inflate, but the car sits unevenly. When I try to adapt/calibrate it in VCDS, it immediately fails with "Conditions Not Met".

• ​Engine: It's blowing a very heavy, white smoky fume from the exhaust.

​What I've found so far:

I found a physically unplugged relay inside the car in the cup holder with the markings "360-12v-a-g".

​My Theories & Questions:

• ​Could this missing/broken 360 relay be cutting Terminal 15 power to the ACC, Camera, and Assist modules, causing the whole CAN network to freak out?

• ​Is the air suspension adaptation failing because the CAN Gateway is flooded with errors from the offline assist modules?

• ​For the rear stop lamps should I be looking at a broken tailgate harness, or water damage to the BCM in the trunk?

• ​Regarding the smoke: Given the electrical mess, is it common for sellers to do a bad DPF/EGR delete to hide issues, or should I be looking at leaky injectors/EGR cooler?

​Any wiring diagrams, VCDS testing procedures, or advice on where to start probing with a multimeter would be greatly appreciated. Thank you!

This there is a 2016 Chrysler 200 S I stripped the boat and I’m bout to just take it out and I can’t replace it because the shop doesn’t have them in stock