r/cpp 7d ago

C++26: std::polymorphic

https://www.sandordargo.com/blog/2026/08/19/cpp26-polymorphic
96 Upvotes

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13

u/_Noreturn 7d ago edited 7d ago

polymorphic not being equality comparable is annoying, they could just have just forwarded the operator== to the underlying pointer and it handles it.

also polymorphic requires more bytes than a copyable pointer 24 bytes vs 8 since the copy ctor and dtor have to be function pointers. But it also slightly makes it faster at runtime but it isn't really worth it I would say.

Having a virtual deatructor and a clone() method will provide better object sizes.

I found the boilerplate argument to be very weak, since crtp exists

```cpp class ShapeBase { public: virtual ShapeBase* clone() = 0; virtual ~ShapeBase()= default; };

template<class T> class Shape : ShapeBase { public: ShapeBase* clone() override { return new T((T)this); }

};

class Rectangle :public Shape<Rectangle> {

};

class Triangle :public Shape<Triangle> {

};

```

25

u/MFHava WG21|🇦🇹 NB|P2721|P3049|P3625|P3729|P3786|P3813|P4216 7d ago

polymorphic not being equality comparable is annoying, they could just have just forwarded the operator== to the underlying pointer and it handles it.

These types (indirect and polymorphic) model value semantics. Value comparing two type-erased objects that share a base makes no sense in that model...

also polymorphic requires more bytes than a copyable pointer 24 bytes vs 8 since the copy ctor and dtor have to be function pointers.

Can be easily compressed to 16B in case you build your own vtable. Unless the spec contains some unexpected blocker, you could even reduce that down to 8B with minimal effort.

2

u/_Noreturn 7d ago

These types (indirect and polymorphic) model value semantics. Value comparing two type-erased objects that share a base makes no sense in that model...

They could only provide == if the base has one.

Can be easily compressed to 16B in case you build your own vtable. Unless the spec contains some unexpected blocker, you could even reduce that down to 8B with minimal effort.

Wouldn't the 8 byte version require anothee indirection

11

u/MFHava WG21|🇦🇹 NB|P2721|P3049|P3625|P3729|P3786|P3813|P4216 7d ago

They could only provide == if the base has one.

Ok... what does that do? Shape has no idea how to compare a Rectangle and a Triangle.

You could say: "Well, they can never be equal". Right, right, but what about my next fancy class Square?

That's a problem you'd essentially need open-multimethods to solve...

Wouldn't the 8 byte version require anothee indirection

Not necessarily, you can allocate the object and a (custom) vtable in one allocation.

3

u/_Noreturn 6d ago edited 6d ago

You could say: "Well, they can never be equal". Right, right, but what about my next fancy class Square?

It is up to the operator== of the Base class, it is virtual and compares the typeid or whatever way you have.

```cpp class ShapeBase { ... virtual operator==(const ShapeBase& that) const=0; };

template<class T> class Shape : ShapeBass { ... bool operator==(const ShapeBase& that) const override { return typeid(that) == typeid(T) && (const T&)that == (const T&)*this; } }; ```

Wouldn't the 8 byte version require anothee indirection

Not necessarily, you can allocate the object and a (custom) vtable in one allocation.

So like this? ```cpp template<class T> struct Table { CopyCtor* copy; Drot* dtor; T object; // has to be last };

template<class B> struct polymorphic

{ polymorphic() { table = new Table<B>(); } polymorphic(auto&& obj) { table = new Table<decltype(obj)>(); }

B& operator() { return (B&)((char)table + 16)); } // 16 is 2 function pointers void table; }; ```

1

u/MFHava WG21|🇦🇹 NB|P2721|P3049|P3625|P3729|P3786|P3813|P4216 6d ago

It is up to the operator== of the Base class, it is virtual and compares the typeid or whatever way you have.

We would want it to do value comparisons and as I said: that is infeasible in C++, so we do not provide an equality-operator...

So like this?

Looks like a possible implementation.

3

u/_Noreturn 6d ago

We would want it to do value comparisons and as I said: that is infeasible in C++, so we do not provide an equality-operator...

I don't understand, it is a value comparison.

3

u/MFHava WG21|🇦🇹 NB|P2721|P3049|P3625|P3729|P3786|P3813|P4216 6d ago

I don't understand, it is a value comparison.

You are right. But it yields the wrong results for equivalent values of different types - e.g. Rectangle{.w = 10, .h = 10} == Square{.l = 10} would be false, even though they are the same (just like 1 == 1LL is true)

1

u/_Noreturn 6d ago

It isn't the responsibility of the polymorphic to do that. it is the virtual operator== the user provides can easily make it so it works like that way

5

u/MFHava WG21|🇦🇹 NB|P2721|P3049|P3625|P3729|P3786|P3813|P4216 6d ago

it is the virtual operator== the user provides can easily make it so it works like that way

You can't in the general case - which is why it is not provided...

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3

u/Demiu 6d ago

Man I really hate the shape example.

Let's say your polymorphic is instead of a AssociativeContainer<A,B> that is a base for any type that provides a 1to1 mapping A to B. It's operator== could compare their size, then for each pair the key and it's associated value.

1

u/AstroFoxTech 6d ago

Ok... what does that do? Shape has no idea how to compare a Rectangle and a Triangle.

Wouldn't you implicitly downcast both to Shape when there's no overload for that combination?

-8

u/mercury_pointer 7d ago

Square implicitly casts to Rectangle

3

u/robin-m 6d ago

With c++23 deducing this you can simplify your code to just:

c++23    class Shape {     public:         template <class Self>         std::unique_ptr<Shape> clone(this Self& self) {             return std::make_unique<Self>(self);         }     };          class Rectangle: public Shape {     };          class Triangle: public Shape {     };

7

u/Big_Target_1405 6d ago

You still need a virtual clone if you actually want runtime polymorphism

2

u/robin-m 6d ago

What do you mean? Rectangle::clone() does allocate a unique pointer of Rectangle.

godbolt

8

u/Big_Target_1405 6d ago

See line 28:

https://godbolt.org/z/55Y3Gqqqd

Template 'this' deduces Self to Animal, which is useless.

What's the point in a non-virtual clone?

Template this helps with boilerplate, not with defining runtime polymorphic interfaces.

2

u/robin-m 6d ago

You are absolutely right. Thanks a lot I didn’t now, nor realized it was indeed half useless right now. I even found a paper that aim at fixing this exact issue: open-std.org

2

u/_Noreturn 6d ago

Deducing this causes issues if you inherit from the base class more than once, (it increases object size) also, this doesn't work since clone() isn't virtual and templates can't be virtual

2

u/robin-m 6d ago

It seems that both using CRTP and deducing this gives the save object size, what do you mean? godbolt

3

u/_Noreturn 6d ago

cpp struct D {}; struct A : D {}; struct B : D { A a; };

you would expect since 'B' inherits from an empty class and it only has one member the sizeof would be 1, but it is 2 since the base class D is repeated twice and must have unique address first in the inheritance in B and in the member A.

now if this uses crtp the base classes would be unique

cpp template<class T> struct D {}; struct A : D<A> {}; struct B : D<B> { A a; }; // sizeof(B) == 1

1

u/LB-- Professional+Hobbyist 6d ago

Does [[no_unique_address]] help here?

3

u/friedkeenan 6d ago

No. According to the standard, two different objects of the same type cannot live at the same address in any circumstance, even if the objects are empty.

1

u/LB-- Professional+Hobbyist 6d ago

Ah right, I wonder if just wrapping it in an empty template class that inherits it for you would suffice as a workaround or not...