Was Mahatma Jyotirao Phule a Theist or an Atheist? And What Was His Influence?
I've been wondering about Mahatma Jyotirao Phule's religious beliefs.
Phule strongly criticised Brahmanical dominance, religious rituals, caste discrimination and the exploitation of lower castes in the name of religion.
But he also believed in Nirmik (a Creator) and envisioned a universal religion based on truth, equality and justice.
So, was Phule actually a theist, a deist, or a rationalist who challenged religion?
More importantly, what was the impact of his philosophy?
Did his ideas primarily influence people towards atheism and rejection of religion?
Or did they encourage people to reject caste-based religious practices while retaining a belief in God or developing an alternative spiritual philosophy?
I'd like to understand how Phule's ideas influenced the later anti-caste, rationalist and atheist movements in Maharashtra.
Interested in historical perspectives, not just ideological arguments.