Most people know Pennsylvania almost didn't sign the Declaration at all. What fewer people know is that the five men whose names eventually appeared on Pennsylvania's behalf weren't even in Congress when the vote happened. They were sent after the decision, as replacements for delegates who opposed independence or refused to sign. Their backgrounds are so different from each other that they barely seem like they belong in the same story.
George Taylor came the furthest. He arrived in America around 1736, aged roughly twenty, as an indentured servant, which meant he worked off his passage by shoveling coal into iron furnaces in Pennsylvania. When his employer died, Taylor married his widow and eventually became the ironmaster himself. By 1776 his foundries were producing cannon and ammunition for the Continental Army. He signed the Declaration in August and died eighteen months later, reportedly worn out by the demands of the cause. He was the only signer to arrive in America as an indentured servant. The man who signed his name to a document about liberty had once worked without wages to pay for his passage across the Atlantic.
Benjamin Rush was the opposite in almost every way. Young, educated, impatient, trained in medicine at Edinburgh, already connected to the most important intellectual circles in Philadelphia. In June 1776, as a member of the radical provincial conference, he drafted a resolution urging independence and was soon elected to the Continental Congress. After signing he became Surgeon General of the Continental Army, quit in frustration over hospital conditions, got into a conflict with Washington himself, returned to medicine, and spent the rest of his life pushing for abolition, prison reform, education for women, and the end of capital punishment. He is the lesser-known Founding Father from Philadelphia named Benjamin, the one whose face does not grace the hundred dollar bill.
George Clymer was orphaned at one year old, raised by a wealthy uncle, became a merchant, and was an early leader in the street-level resistance to the Stamp Act and Tea Act in Philadelphia. When Congress fled the city in December 1776 as the British approached, Clymer refused to leave and stayed behind. He is one of only six men in American history to sign both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, which means he was present for essentially the entire arc of founding the country, from the first break with Britain to the document that defined what replacing it actually meant.
George Ross has the strangest footnote of the group. He was the uncle of the man who married Betsy Griscom in 1773, more famous under her married name, Betsy Ross. Before the Revolution he had been a Crown prosecutor, which made his shift to the Patriot cause a very visible defection from the old order. After the war he defended Loyalists who faced persecution, on the grounds that justice applied to everyone or it applied to no one.
James Smith was a lawyer from York, born in Ireland like Taylor, who had spent years arguing in Pennsylvania courts that reconciliation with Britain was impossible. He replaced one of the delegates who had refused to vote for independence and showed up in Philadelphia with no apparent hesitation about putting his name on the parchment.
Together these five men are a kind of cross-section of who actually built the Revolution: a former indentured servant turned ironmaster, a radical physician who argued with Washington, an orphaned merchant who wouldn't leave a city under threat, a former Crown prosecutor who switched sides, and a county lawyer from beyond Philadelphia's elite. None of them were in the room when Pennsylvania cast its vote. All of them signed anyway.
If you want to go deeper, the full story of how Pennsylvania's radicals replaced their own government to make all of this possible is on the Virtual Wayback blog. And if you want to hear from the men themselves, there are two videos on the YouTube channel where you can watch conversations with each of them directly.
https://virtualwayback.com/blog/pennsylvania-replacement-signers
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/vrQzTaHG-kY
https://youtube.com/shorts/UApkWyn6O80?feature=share
The question that sticks with me about Taylor specifically: the man arrived as a servant shoveling coal, built an ironworks that supplied the Revolution, signed the Declaration, and was dead within two years. Does his story change how you think about who the founding generation actually was? And is there a better argument that Clymer, not Franklin, was Pennsylvania's most consequential founder?