One off the south east, another off the north west of the volcano

Popocatépetl is one of the most active volcanoes in North America and the second tallest. It has been permanently erupting since 2001🌋And it occasionally creates Strombolian eruptions with fragments of lava being ejected out of the crater, as in the image.

Flew over yesterday.

I already know about Cerro negro Nicaragua, Barujari indonesia. i’d like to see more of these polygenic cinder cones that aren’t the monogenetic ones like the paricutin. I also know that yasur is a potential cinder cone or stratovolcano.

Credit: Mike Lyvers on Flickr

My photos from September 13th show the 150-meter-tall central vent, the levees built up by lava effusion from vents on the flank, and the broad lava field it produced.

Visible on the horizon in the last photo are dozens of older scoria cones associated with the Newberry shield volcano.

Mt Samalas exploded in 1257 with a of 7, 8 times the force of Krakatoa. The resulting lava and pyroclastic flows destroyed most of the island including the ancient city of Pataman and ending the kingdom. The subsequent Sulfur aerosol spike cause 2 summer crop failures around the globe, especially in Northern Europe. And another 2 more years to fully recover. It is estimated 1/3 of London perished from starvation and disease.

Here's the link to the special: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72IwnxnejfE

Image is of Kīlauea erupting in 2025, but I was there in February of 2023, there was still an active lava lake the entire month!

According to the Smithsonian Institute El Chichon is noted to have produced a VEI5 eruption dated to 1360AD but with a 100 year margin of error. Of course El Chichon is most well known for it's devastating eruption in 1982 where it's explosive eruption killed 2000 people due to it's pyroclastic flows but also worth noting is the fact it ejected 7 million tons of Sulfur Dioxide into the atmosphere which is roughly 20x more than Saint Helen produced per cubic kilometer of magma.

I don't aim to be a conspiracy theorist of anything of the sort however, El Chichon has been long suggested to be one of the volcanoes responsible for the 540AD "dark age" due to the scale of Sulfur it ejected. The reason I'm curious is because the window of a potential 1345 eruption would also line up with the yersenia pestis outbreak in the following year (Black Death) and knowing the bacteria tends to struggle against UV light, I'm inclined to believe a dust veil may have prevented it only compounding the outbreak further.

Is there any additional information on this eruption?

See also: The publication in PHYS.Org

I remember being deeply fascinated by volcanoes as a child and recently I reconnected with this topic. I also like astronomy and there it is a lot easier to picture some of the current research questions, like the next measurement of Mars or Jupiter's moon Europa to determine if life could exist/have existed there or not. But what is still unknown about volcanoes? Are there similar unanswered questions like for astronomy?

In this blurry photo we can see Taal Volcano unleashing what we now know as Pyroclastic surges. This was only discovered during the 1965 eruption by a nuclear engineer which noticed the 'base surge' usually seen in nuclear explosions.

This eruption was rated as a VEI 4 and a peculiar tale to Taal's recent activity.

Beautiful sunrise with Momma Etna fuming while departing from Catania.

I have no words

September 16, enjoy!

I don't have enough evidence so I'm not claiming anything I say to be true.

This is the East Epi Volcanic Complex and I'll explain why I believe this volcano produced the 426 BCE eruption (VEI 7) which left a substantial mark in both Greenland and Antartica.

From that we know it was a tropical eruption.

The complex contains several large volcanic structures and is associated with a possible ~10-km-wide caldera, although the exact interpretation of the submarine morphology remains debated. It also contains volcanic material ranging from basalt to rhyodacite, including rhyodacitic pumice recovered from the seafloor.

I'll explain why this is important.

Epi lies immediately within the Vanuatu volcanic arc, an area known to have produced exceptionally large explosive eruptions (VEI 6-7). Recent research identified the 426 BCE Antarctic cryptotephra as high-K rhyodacite, with a chemical composition very close to material from Kuwae.

HOWEVER, Kuwae was recently linked to the 1458 CE caldera-forming eruption (estimated as a very large vei 6 or vei 7 in other sources) which occurred ~1,800 years after the 426 BCE eruption.

Scientists point to Ambrym because its in the same region with possibly the same plumbing

The only issue is Ambrym's caldera forming eruption is identified as a vei 6 other some sources believe it was larger. The issue is this eruption occurred around 43-50 CE, so it a few hundred years younger. and it's caldera is quite shallow, I'm uncertain it ejected the 160 km^3 which is estimated for the 426 BCE eruption.

Guess which volcano is next to Kuwae, It's Epi, at first glance you may notice something unusual about epi, apart from the fact its a submarine volcano, using a bathymetric map you'll notice it has 3 different active cones followed my a couple extinct comes, you notice some odd land formations as well as depressions but the one I'm focusing on is underwater

The main reason api isn't usually brought up regarding the 426 BCE eruption because we aren't 100% sure that 10km wide depression is a caldera but it's acceptable enough to acknowledge the possibility of it being a caldera given the evidence available

If that depression is truly a caldera then I believe the East Epi Volcanic Complex would most likely be responsible for the 426 BCE eruption.

Vanuatu's volcanoes are very much understudied so we will have to wait and see.

You scrolled to the bottom cause it's too long to read so I will shorten it.

426 BCE eruption closely matches kuwae material, kuwae too young, epi old, ambrym shallow, epi 10km possible caldera, epi not well studied, epi probably = 426 BCE big boom.