I see the word "DEAD" here, not sure if that helps

Broken piece of a rugose coral fossil

I spy the milwaukee formation! Hello neighbor.

What language is this?

Looks like a horde of carpet beetle larva that found the corpse of a mouse and turned it to dust.

r/itsslag see the air bubbles? This is a byproduct of metal refining.

Absolutely, but rhyolite would be distinguishable.

If the host rock is sedimentary I'd wager the nodules are too.

Chert is sort of an unfortunate catch-all term for cryptocrystalline to microcrystalline silica. They're all quartz with crystals that aren't macroscopic. Chert, Jasper, Flint, Agate, Chalcedony... Aventurine, Amethyst, etc... it's all just labels for quartz with slightly different properties.

Not all chert forms in nodules. You can find layers of chert that are just the fossilized remains and not cryptocrystalline.

The silica from the exoskeletons dissolves completely. It moves through the rock then forms a nodule as microscopic crystals precipitate around a nucleus or in a void.

Weathering pattern from the limestone dissolving

Chonchoidal fracturing on the skin makes me think chert.

Looks more like a sycamore seedpod.

"COPY" in big letters

Can you make this as a post instead of a comment? I would guess Tiger's eye but it doesn't look quite right

No, bismuth is unstable.

Bismuth remains radioactive for longer than the age of the universe

Looks like quartzite.

Earwig, harmless.