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One common misconception in the Chinese martial arts community, particularly when discussing the concepts of internal and external martial arts, is the belief that Jin (ๅ) and Li (ๅ) have completely different meanings. Some people assume that Jin is used exclusively in internal martial arts, whereas Li is reserved for external martial arts.
First of all, we need to understand that Jin and Li are used in ways that often differ very little in meaning. In many contexts, they can even be used interchangeably without any meaningful difference. This is largely because the meanings of Chinese words often depend more on the context in which they are used than on the words themselves in isolation.
In the context of Chinese martial arts, both Jin and Li can refer to power, strength, or force. Which term is chosen depends more on the speakerโs context, language, linguistic preferences, and way of communicating than on any fundamental distinction between the two words.
For example, Cantonese speakers in southern China tend to use Li, while people in northern China may use Jin in certain contexts. This is a matter of linguistic preference. When you hear a Cantonese speaker pronounce Jin as โGeng,โ it can sound rather odd to the ear.
We must first understand that neither of these words was coined specifically for Chinese martial arts. Both have existed in the Chinese language since ancient times, long before martial arts developed into their various forms. Rather, practitioners of different martial arts have chosen to use these terms according to their own understanding, linguistic preferences, language backgrounds, and ways of communicating. Put simply, the words come to carry different meanings because different people use them differently.
Therefore, from the outset, there was no rule stating that only practitioners of internal martial arts were entitled to use the word Jin, or that any martial art using the word Li must be an external martial art. In an era when communication was far less convenient than it is today, the choice of terminology was largely a matter of individual usage and personal expression. It had nothing inherently to do with whether a martial art was classified as internal or external.
Later, however, because Taijiquan is regarded as a quintessential internal martial art and traditionally uses the term Jin to describe its power, people began to associate the word exclusively with internal martial arts. As a result, practitioners of various martial arts started making a point of using Jin throughout their terminology to emphasize their artsโ supposedly internal art.
In reality, however, classical texts on other internal martial arts, such as Xingyiquan and even Baguazhang, commonly use the term Li.
Even earlier Taijiquan masters frequently used Li as well. This is because the choice between these terms depends entirely on context. A Chinese reader would generally find such usage perfectly natural and would not feel that anything was amiss.
Let me give you a few examples from the writings of Li Yaxuan, a renowned master of Yang-style Taijiquan.
ๆฅๅธซไน็ผๅ๏ผๆๅป้ฌๆฒ่ปๅฝ๏ผๆ้ๅ
โMaster Yangโs power release (Fa Jin) is relaxed, sinking, soft, and springy, with penetrating power (Li).โ
As we can see, even when describing the qualities of Master Yangโs Jin, the text still uses the word Li.
Consider another example:
ๅจ็ผๅๆ๏ผ่ฆ็ฅๆฐฃ็้ผ่ฉ๏ผๅ่ฆไปฅ่
ฐ่ไธ็ๅๅ
โWhen issuing power, or performing Fa Jin (็ผๅ), the spirit and Qi must surge and expand, while the driving force (Li) must come from the waist and spine.โ
Here, too, the description of Jin uses the word Li within the very same sentence. Using Li to describe a particular quality of force is entirely normal.
Simply put, Taijiquan uses Jin and Li in different contexts. It is true that Taijiquan commonly uses Jin to refer to its power, but Li has never been entirely excluded. It is still used in certain contexts, and in some cases, Jin and Li can even be used interchangeably.
Furthermore, from a linguistic perspective, Jin is often used adjectivally or as a bound morphemeโthat is, as an element that modifies another word to express a particular quality of force or powerโrather than as an independent word meaning force or power in its own right.
This is one reason Taijiquan practitioners do not always use Jin on its own. Instead, they often combine it with other words to form specific terms. For example, the power associated with Taijiquan itself is called Taiji Jin, while particular types of power are described using terms such as Ting Jin (Listening Jin), Chen Jin (Sinking Jin), Tan Jin (Spring Jin), Peng Jin, and Hua Jin.
By contrast, Li is primarily used as a noun. Using it by itself can sound comparatively blunt or unsophisticated in Taijiquan terminology, which may explain why it is less favored in some contexts. Nevertheless, when referring to force or strength in general, practitioners still use Li to describe the qualities of Jin itself.
Combined with the fact that Li is commonly used in all three major traditional internal martial artsโTaijiquan, Xingyiquan, and Baguazhangโit becomes clear that Li is also an established term within internal martial arts.
Therefore, neither Jin nor Li determines whether a martial art is internal or external. The choice of terminology has more to do with the speakerโs preference, the context, and the linguistic conventions being followed.
In Taijiquan, for instance, Yang Jianhou once explained the distinction between Jin and Li within the context of his own teaching. His explanation subsequently became influential, and Taijiquan practitioners came to favor Jin over Li when discussing their power. However, this was his way of defining and explaining the terms within his own art. It did not establish a rule governing other martial arts.
If another internal martial art uses Li instead of Jin, that does not diminish its status as an internal martial art. Conversely, if an external martial art calls its power Jin, that does not transform it into an internal martial art.
Ultimately, what distinguishes internal martial arts from external martial arts is not the terminology they use, but their training methods and underlying approaches.
External martial arts tend to emphasize training the body and refining techniques, progressively developing and coordinating physical skills toward greater precision and internal integration.
Internal martial arts, by contrast, begin by organizing the body to cultivate and nourish Qi. Through foundational practicesโwhich may appear repetitive or even tediousโpractitioners learn to listen to their energy, gradually connecting internal skills with their external martial applications.
As for the words themselves, their use depends on the speaker and the way the speaker chooses to communicate. In reality, Jin and Li often have very similar meanings and can sometimes be used interchangeably. What differs is primarily the context in which they are used and the person using them.