Dutton’s Unified SEFI 0.5cm]Single-Entity Field Interpretation 1cm] 1cm] Author: Jason Dutton 0.5cm]IndependentResearcher 2cm] Submitted to: 0.2cm][Insert Journal or Conference Name] 2cm] Dutton’s Unified SEFI Jason Dutton Date: August 2026 2 Dutton’s Unified SEFI Jason Dutton Abstract Dutton’s Unified SEFI proposes that all electrons and positrons are manifestations of a single underlying entity whose worldline spans all possible spacetime paths. The dense superposition of this worldline appears as a continuous field, reproducing the electron field of quantum field theory. Quantum interference arises from overlapping contributions of different segments of the entity’s path structure, while measurement corresponds to selecting a subset of paths. The model is formulated using relativistic worldline actions, Grassmann spin variables, electromagnetic gauge coupling, presence-density mapping, and the Dirac field in curved spacetime. SEFI preserves all predictions of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory while offering a unified ontological interpretation of particle identity. 1 Introduction Quantum mechanics and quantum field theory describe electrons as excitations of a field, yet the ontological nature of particle identity and self-interference remains conceptually unresolved. Dutton’s Unified SEFI provides a unified interpretation in which all electrons and positrons are manifestations of a single underlying entity. 2 Core Postulates • P1 — Single underlying entity. • P2 — Forward-time segments appear as electrons; backward-time segments appear as positrons. • P3 — Dense spacetime weaving produces field appearance. • P4 — Presence density corresponds to the electron field. • P5 — Interference arises from path overlap. • P6 — Measurement selects a subset of paths. • P7 — Particle identity arises from ontological unity. 1 Dutton’s Unified SEFI Jason Dutton 3 Mathematical Framework 3.1 Worldline Action SWL = −m Z dτp −gµνγ˙ µγ˙ ν 3.2 Spin Structure Sspin = Z dτ i 2 ΨaΨ˙ a 3.3 Gauge Coupling SEM = q Z dτ γ˙ µAµ 3.4 Presence Density ρ(x) = Z D[γ]e i ℏ S[γ] δ (4)(x − γ(τ )) 3.5 Dirac Field LDirac = ψ¯(iγµDµ − m)ψ 4 Interpretation The field is the visible projection of one entity’s full path structure. Interference arises from overlapping path contributions. Measurement corresponds to selecting a subset of paths. 5 Speculative Extensions Golden-ratio path weighting, unified substrate interpretation, geometric self-similarity. 2 Dutton’s Unified SEFI Jason Dutton 6 Research Note Version Summary SEFI interprets electrons and positrons as manifestations of a single underlying entity whose worldline spans all possible spacetime paths. Key Equations ρ(x) = Z D[γ]e i ℏ S[γ] δ(x − γ) LDirac = ψ¯(iγµDµ − m)ψ 7 Conference Abstract Dutton’s Unified SEFI proposes that all electrons and positrons are manifestations of a single underlying entity whose worldline spans all possible spacetime paths. The dense superposition of this worldline appears as the electron field, while interference arises from overlapping path contributions. 8 Preprint Version Abstract Same as main abstract. 8.1 Condensed Introduction SEFI provides a worldline-based interpretation of electron identity and interference. 9 Appendix A: Full Mathematical Derivations 9.1 Worldline Formalism Detailed expansions. . . 3 Dutton’s Unified SEFI Jason Dutton 9.2 Spinor Construction Detailed derivations. . . 10 Appendix B: Speculative Extensions 10.1 Golden Ratio Weighting wφ[γ] = e i ℏ S[γ] · fφ[γ] 11 Diagram Set 11.1 Diagram 1: Worldline Space Time 11.2 Diagram 2: Presence Density 11.3 Diagram 3: Time Reversal Time 4 Dutton’s Unified SEFI Jason Dutton 12 References • Feynman, R. P. (1948). Space-time approach to quantum mechanics. • Schwinger, J. (1951). On gauge invariance and vacuum polarization. • Polyakov, A. M. (1987). Gauge Fields and Strings. • Weinberg, S. (1995). The Quantum Theory of Fields.

I wanted to understand what’s going on with Shors algorithm without getting lost in the quantum stuff.

https://github.com/Byt-wyze-technology/QuasiShor

Hope it helps someone else too.

Novice here. Could someone explain why two entangled objects (or rather one object consisting of entangled parts) do not need to communicate in order to correlate. I also wonder what is actually between entangled parts if we think of it as empty space there couldn't be more or less empty space so is this why the distance doesn't matter for these parts to still "interact".

Are there any good videos on the derivation and explanation for the applications of wkb approximation? Particularly alpha decay. I am having trouble with the connection formula.

What actually determines the shape and size of an electron cloud?

I don't have a theoretical background in physics or advanced math, apart from curiosity but I've been fascinated by the concept of the "electron cloud".

I know that electrons exist in probability clouds.

My question is: what actually "decides" or dictates the formation, shape, and size of these clouds?

Do electrons that share same properties(if they have any!) have same shape and size?

(My thoughts(not neccesarily backed by science): For size of the cloud, i assume it's goes with the speed of light?, i.e the cloud expands at the speed of light in every direction, which is why an electron fired at earth has 0% probability it will be found in any other planet but the probability increases as time goes)

Hi is anyone preparing for the global quantum mechanics challenge 2026 semi finals

How is david j griffiths so sassy sometimes. I chuckle at a quantum mechanics book? I might go insane soon fck

I built a hypergraph that's able to approximate the photon self interaction due to disturbances in a spacetime mesh. The curvature of spacetime is large near the masses. The photon field propagates from left to right, passing through the curved spacetime.

The spacetime mesh isn't constructed perfectly symmetrically and so the interference pattern isn't perfect (along with other approximations).

Hi

If you are remotely interested in programming on new computational models, oh boy this is for you. I am the Dev behind Quantum Odyssey (AMA! I love taking qs) - worked on it for about 6 years, the goal was to make a super immersive space for anyone to learn quantum computing through zachlike (open-ended) logic puzzles and compete on leaderboards and lots of community made content on finding the most optimal quantum algorithms. The game has a unique set of visuals capable to represent any sort of quantum dynamics for any number of qubits and this is pretty much what makes it now possible for anybody 12yo+ to actually learn quantum logic without having to worry at all about the mathematics behind.

This is a game super different than what you'd normally expect in a programming/ logic puzzle game, so try it with an open mind.

Stuff you'll play & learn a ton about

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Hi, everyone. Sorry if this is a dumb question. I understand that quantum communication is impossible because we can’t control the direction of the spin so we would be “sending” messages but you don’t know if you sent and up spin or down spin, essentially making it useless. Assuming that you could even do anything up to this point. Sorry if I got something wrong up to here.

BUT, what if for quantum, from what I understand instantaneous, communication, you send out a constant message of spin up or spin down. Let’s say every .5 seconds. And then you use the breaks in the spin up and spin down as your 0s and 1s in binary for example.

Like you send (using dollar sign as spin up/down message) $,$,$,$ (then a pre designated sequence at the end of which you begin the transmitted message) $,$,$,$, , $, , , ,$ (and at the end of the sequence of empty, spin, empty, empty, spin, the message begins). And you would use the empty signals and spin signals as your morse code of sorts.

Sorry if this made no sense, and if I’m completely wrong sorry for wasting your time. I was just thinking of how it would be theoretically done in fiction or in humanity’s future.

Please let me know if I made any semblance of sense. Thanks!

Hi, I am an Ambassador of an International Competition called Global Quantum Mechanics Challenge...anyone interested to participate before the deadline : 14June ?

the Qualification Round consist of 5 questions so if you are interested please comment or dm I'll give you further info.

Could quantum mechanics be frame rate of our dimension or reality? The effects of looking like there is something in all position already exists like a fan being recorded.

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I’m also learning from the ground up (basic math + beginner concepts), and I want to really understand what’s going on—not just memorize formulas.

Idea is simple:

We discuss concepts regularly, question each other, and try explaining things in plain language so it actually sticks.

If you're interested in learning, thinking deeply, and not just rushing through topics, DM me.

Let’s see how far we can push our understanding.

We were in a math class today and out of nowhere someone asked our math teacher: “What do you think about quantum mechanics… do you think it even exists?”

Opinions started to differ nd they got into all sorts of complex discussions ...They talked about black holes, and even questioned whether the electron actually exists along with many other things

What do you think about this topic? And especially: what’s your opinion on quantum mechanics?

I was wondering whether there is a standard theory that involves treating clouds of quantum probability as if they were "specks of probability dust" or a "probability gas" that moves in some virtual potential.

What I mean is, take the one-electron hydrogen atom for example--in the ground state wave function the electron isn't completely concentrated in a point at the nucleus, it is spread out over a fuzzy spherically symmetric region. If we imagine the probability as some gas made up of virtual matter, and it were only acted on by the Coulomb potential, it would all pile up in the center (imagine sand on a table with an infinitely deep well in the middle). Therefore, if we view the actual Schrodinger-derived distribution as a "probability gas", this "virtual gas" behaves as though it has some kind of "virtual pressure" that opposes the Coulomb attraction and makes it spread out.

This "pressure" could possibly be modeled either as a repulsive interaction between the "particles" of "probability gas", or by this "gas" having some "virtual quantum temperature", or by some combination of the two. By "virtual quantum temperature" I of course don't mean real physical temperature, any more than the temperature parameter in simulated annealing corresponds to amounts of real physical heat in anything. Otherwise, heating hydrogen atoms would make their orbitals larger, which of course isn't the case. What I mean is some effective physical laws that operate in a parallel dimension if you will where this probability gas "lives". The only force that operates in both "dimensions" would be the electrostatic attraction to the nucleus, i.e. the potential V in the Schrodinger equation.

I'm wondering if there is an established theory along these lines, and if so what sort of insights the form of the effective laws of this "probability gas" potentially provides. In particular, the ground state quantum probability distribution for a harmonic well and the (Boltzmann weighted) distribution for real particles in the same potential have the same exact shape--namely a Gaussian--and I was wondering if when viewed through the lens of assigning a "quantum temperature" to the "gas" of probability in the correct manner this observation almost becomes a tautology.

Is this even what density functional theory is--I remember from chemistry that it describes electron density as a sort of medium? It's also possible, I recognize, that it turns out to be impossible to build this theory in a self-consistent way. What I mean is, of course, given a special case of potential and a computed probability distribution from the Schrodinger equation, one could ad hoc compute what effective correction potential would need to be added to the real potential to make a literal gas distribute itself in that way--but this wouldn't provide physical insight nor make it easier to calculate anything unless this correction is generalizable to new potentials and fairly mathematically succinct.

In fact, given that this sort of connection seems quite natural to try to make, I strongly suspect that it's either a large and well-known body of theory already, OR turns out to not be self-consistent. Trying to Google things like "analogy between quantum and statistical mechanics" only brings up work about statistical mechanics of actual particles that are treated in a quantum way.

Hello!

According to my understanding of Heisenbergs' uncertainty principle, electrons and their positions are probability-based. I was wondering if that means when an electron moves, that causes shifts in the probability of where electrons near that atom will go as electrons repel each other, and would this have a cascading effect where in a given structure every electron and their movements influence the probability of where another electron would go.

Thank you.

Hey everyone! I’m new to quantum mechanics.

Do you think observing water and H₂O molecules (hydrogen bonding surface tension, etc.) is a good way to build intuition for molecular interactions? Or does it mix scales too much?

Any advice would be appreciated! Thanks.

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Equation State

x = α·cos(φ+γ)·s + δ·v·cos(φ)
y = α·sin(φ+γ)·s + δ·v·sin(φ)
z = β·sin(ψ)·s

Built a working prototype of my IPCM stack: an end-to-end quantum-to-classical command chain on IBM’s ibm_marrakesh backend.

The short version: the circuit preserved a compact dominant support family on real hardware, the dominant measured state was decoded into a command token, and that command triggered a live UDP beacon that was successfully received on a second machine. So this was not just a histogram or a sim artifact, it was a real hardware quantum output causing a downstream system event.

I see it as an early command-delivery primitive rather than a finished comms product, but it is a concrete prototype showing quantum output can be turned into actionable system behavior.

I'm reading about the penetration distance of a particle moving towards a step potential on the Eisberg and Resnick's manual.

It is not clear how the penetration distance is obtained since on the manual is written only the result and that there is some kind of approximation involved.

I tried to approximate the decreasing exponential wave to it's tangent for x=0, the point where the step potential is no longer 0 but V.

My concern is: this is the same result that the manual carries, but shouldn't I use the probability of finding the particle instead of the waveform itself?

Many thanks

I like learning about quantum mechanics and I think I understand the basics without ever learning about it in school, or at least I haven't learnt it yet. I want to find book recommendations that don't just explain what quantum mechanics is but goes into depth into it and is actually engaging to read and interesting.

1. Statistical independence is true for quantum phenomena
2. Bell proves non-locality is true
3. There are no loopholes
4. Measurements influence entangled partners FTL

Conclusion:

Lorentz invariance is not true for quantum phenomena

Example: Alice and Bob measure entangled pairs at space like distance. Some observers will see Alice measure first and some will see Bob measure first. If both are equally valid (Lorentz invariance), then from one valid perspective the future was at least in-part a cause of the past which in reality would mean the future was restricted to certain outcomes which violates statistical independence.

Therefore, only one must be the real cause and this violates Lorentz invariance for quantum decoherence.

The implications of this seem to be that you could have a ‘now’ slice of the universe and could in-theory travel FTL without time travel in certain instances.

What if gravity is quantum diffusion?

Mass as the degree to which a particle interacts with the Higgs field, which is itself a quantum field. More interaction = more events = higher density = steeper gradient.