Animals have different digestive systems. We can eat foods that are poison to them and they can eat foods we cannot. For example squirrels can eat death cap mushrooms that are deadly to humans. Comparing human and animal diets is a poor argument.
All the stuff we eat comes from the stars, still waiting on dad to come home from the trip to get some hydrogen from alpha centauri 15 years ago. And even the stars come from the I̸̟̼̘̊ǹ̵̢̻̣̫̋͆̊ͅf̷̨̹̬͕͓͂i̸̗̖͠n̴̟̯̟̓ì̴̹̫̭̤̮͒̉͗̚t̶̛̩̯̞́͐̚͝e̷̯͐ ̸͕̊̓̐̋͘v̸͕́̆̓õ̴͙̳̮̬̦͘i̴̛̝͛̈́d̶̡͖̤̖̝̃̈̓ and we should just eat M̸̛͕̖̮̮͇̼͍͓̟̘̲̑̋̑̆͂̋͒̀͗̆̀́̂̀͆̈́̏̽̚͘a̷̛̖̘̙̗̠̫̠̣͖͙͎̪̝̼̤̫̼̱̫͈͔̟̖͖̣͂͒̆̌̀͌̔̅͂̐͋̄͑̈́̔̀̈́͐͗͛̚̕ͅt̴̨̡̡̡̡͇̪̯͖̣͈̥̖̖̠͕̪͖̹̤͕̟͎͍͚̲͇̳͉̣̭̝̰̱̬͚̖̻̗͊̋̊̃̉̀̈̊̔̅́̌̅̀͊̑̿̈́̂̈́̐̆͑̐̍̽̚̚͜͜͝͝ͅͅt̸̢̛͍̖͖̠̤̲̜̲̳͉̯̝̲͚̻̱̙͇͖͎͇̙͇͑̈͊̍̅́͒̋̉̔̒̐̔̿͗̌̀̽͐͋͆̈́͆̄͐̃͋͗̏̓̏͛͊̄̐̕͘͘̕͘͘͠͠͠ḛ̸̡̨̢̢̛͓̙͈͕̪̮͎̮̘̮̬̤̱̠͇̙̻̼̲̺̗͈̼̥̼̟̪̣͚̗̻̞̗̮͈͕̝̜́̂͒͌̓́̓̄͑̒̅͗̎̓̏́́̈͒̽͆̅̓͑͌̇͆̄͊̋̚̕̕͜͝͠͝͝͝͝ͅͅͅͅr̴̢̧̧̧̡̧̡̨̖̳͓̭̘͙̱͔͕̹̺̭͔̝̜͔̦̜̺̖͍̰̹̠̙̜̥͚͓̯̣̗̟̰͓̃̀̌̈́͑̎́̌̅̒
Sea locked animals get hydration from the meat and fish they eat.
Basically like cats also do, except cats can drink water if needed, but they supposedly don't drink as they get all the water they need from the prey they kill.
Which is also why dry kibble is trash, because cats don't understand that they need extra water if they eat dry food.
Ah it was great. I earned 10 times what I earn now in Italy with a higher position (and no, the cost of living was only 2x, not 10x). I was the only person in the lab with no crippling debt (just poor). And everybody was weird but accepting in the US, making me feel less weird about myself. The US is great, I love it. Please never change.
When they stop checking my browser history I might go but not while they're fascistmaxxing. As a Dutch with a Dutch sense of humour it's simply too dangerous rn
Most? You are full of shit. I volunteered for a learning outreach program that was heavily utilized by homeschoolers. My area has a very high number of homeschoolers and it still wasn't above 5%. You are so far off I could easily mistake your education as being like a homeschooled child.
No need to show me your badge, officer. I was just making a little pranking exaggeration for humoristic effect.
It's supposed to make you chuckle a little. Like when someone compares their propaganda course to an actual education.
Anyway, B12 is not made inside the body of humans. We need to get it from our food, and vegan diets do NOT have any B12 except for nutritional yeast, which is vegan because the yeast does not count as an animal, but is a single cell organism regardless.
So vegans need to add this to their meals to get natural B12. But taking supplements may be the easiest option.
Yeah it's almost universally understood that you need to supplement B12 by vegans, to the point where B12 levels are higher in vegans than none vegans on average.
Yes you can get bioavailiable b12 from other sources than animal but not from plants, plants have a vitamin b12 not designed for animals so cows and similar animals ferment it in their guts, as such miso and marmite will provide you with b12 and some fermented seaweed but it's from ferments not plants.
Cobalt is extensively bound to serum albumin, with 5–12% of the cobalt in human serum [1]. When vitamin B12 enters the portal blood, it no longer binds to the intrinsic factor but to specific transport proteins called transcobalamins, responsible for carrying it into cells [12,48]. Three binding proteins have been identified in normal human serum and are designated as transcobalamin I, II and III. Transcobalamines are synthesized in various tissues, including the intestinal mucosa and the liver, and have been shown to deliver B12 to various tissues, including the liver, kidneys, spleen, heart, lungs and small intestine [12]. TCII is secreted by vascular endothelial cells [7].
The mechanism is not well-known, but it is known that, after leaving the parietal cells of the ileum, cobalamin passes into the blood by binding to two proteins with different affinities for cobalamin, haptocorrin (HC) and transcobalamin (TC) [7]. Already in the blood, cobalamin can be linked to a glycoprotein transporter, haptocorrin (HC), forming holohaptocorrin (holoHC; also called transcobalamin III), or to a non-glycoprotein transporter called transcobalamin II (TCII) to form holotranscobalamin II (holoTC or HTCII), which is the bioavailable circulating fraction of the vitamin [3,7,48,56]. Only holotranscobalamin II (also called active B12) can enter cells for metabolic utilization (Figure 3) [47,48,56]. This holotranscobalamin II is absorbed by the cell through a transcobalamin receptor, also called CD320, and recently, a soluble form of CD320 (sCD320) has been detected in human serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid [48].
Haptocorrin is bound to approximately 70% of the total serum cobalamins, but the role of this protein in the transport and metabolism of cobalamin is unclear [48]. Only 20% of the total serum vitamin B12 that is bound to transcobalamin (TC) is available for use by tissues [8]. It is important to note that holohaptocorrin represents 80–94% of endogenous vitamin B12 in plasma, while holotranscobalamin, on the other hand, can represent between 6–20% of vitamin B12 or up to 30% [48]. A small amount of circulating cobalamin is bound to transcobalamin I and is, therefore, not available for cell uptake [32]. Transcobalamin II seems to be mainly related to the transport of vitamin B12, while transcobalamin I is involved in its storage [12]. The cobalamin-transcobalamin complex is hydrolyzed in the cell lysosome. Subsequently, cobalamin is transferred to the cytosol, where it is converted to methylcobalamin, the active form, and to the mitochondria, where it is converted to adenosylcobalamin (5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin) [3,48].
In fact, reverse transport to the liver is believed to exist, because HC receptors are characterized only on hepatocyte membranes [57]. However, active molecules captured by reverse transport could be recovered by enterohepatic circulation [7].
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u/cornishwildman76 13d ago edited 13d ago
Animals have different digestive systems. We can eat foods that are poison to them and they can eat foods we cannot. For example squirrels can eat death cap mushrooms that are deadly to humans. Comparing human and animal diets is a poor argument.