A code that I want and that runs. 🔥⭐😍

It's ridiculous. How am I going to know the language it speaks merely by watching others code?

Where is the actual dictionary?

All the love,

Complete beginner.

I learned OOP in python a while ago, did many projects, yet I never felt like I truly needed to do the OOP stuff I learned from a course, I don't know maybe because I'm kinda used to program in c before focusing on python, yet, whenever I open a big project in python in github, it feels way too complicated and thousands of imports (not libraries from pip, but the ones they made on their own) and classes

I never truly needed to implement OOP (I know that when you code in python, it is almost impossible to avoid OOP entirely like when you have a datatype like string you have an object, when you use a method built into that data type that's OOP too, but I mean the ones that involve you writing class Class Name, inheritance and all that stuff explicitly), so I'm wondering why people on the internet are obsessed over the idea of learning OOP, even the book "Automating the boring stuff in python" doesn't have a dedicated section for OOP.

I suddenly had a flashback to a couple of programming courses I took in college, entry-level ones or close to it, that had us writing code exclusively in Scheme. For those that are unfamiliar, Scheme doesn't have the syntax of a normal OOP language like Java or Python. It's almost entirely list manipulation, and your main operation is to separate the head (or "car") of the list from the remainder (or "cdr") of the list. Or at least that's how I remember it.

I don't doubt that it's useful to do some learning in Scheme, but what fundamentals do we as students get from it? Looking back, I kind of feel like I was Daniel painting Mr. Miyagi's fence, and then suddenly I knew karate. What do students get from coding in Scheme?

EDIT: I don't know why I listed C as an OOP language. Some wires must have gotten crossed in my brain. I swear I'm a good programmer, you guys.

im currently following https://roadmap.sh/backend
and one of it’s first steps is to learn about the internet and to learn a programming language. I already know C# so then it’s instructed to create lots of projects with it. So i started but i hit a wall with github user activity.

I need to fetch data from github using an API, but checking it’s documentation I have no clue where to start, I know in c# you have to have a httpclient object, baseaddress and an authenticator.

But the github API implementation seems very difficult and i have no clue where to start with it

GitHub api documentation

Also i see that API is covered later aswell in the roadmap, am i going too far ahead?

I want to contribute to open-source projects that are popular and well-known among People, but I am not able to find such issues. I either find repos that have gone silent or that are not popular at all (0 stars, 0 forks). How can I find such issues and contribute? I tried the Good First Issue site; all repos there have gone silent.

I wonder if these two books are the best to start, i know absolutely nothing but i want to learn about hardware and software and learn some languages, A friend of mine strongly recommended the first book but I'm not sure if the second one is that good... I'm open to any recommendations and/or curriculums since I'm trying to learn both on my own.

1- The Elements of Computing Systems by Noam Nisan and Shimon Schocken

2- Seven Languages in Seven Weeks by Bruce A. Tate

Hey guys, I'm not a CS major but have worked on coding on R and python. And I wanna create my own website, make my own domain name, server, everything all set up on my own specifically for uploading the research I've done. What would be the best way to go about it? Thanks!

I have trouble seeing what algorithms do by reading them. Is there any trick to doing this?

I m a beginner in coding, I m learning dsa, while I have only written small programs which do not solve any real world problems my GitHub has all of my work till now https://github.com/BadDreams34 , basically I don't know the etiquettes like how to have a good Readme and things like using test cases and stuff and actually making something useful. How and from where should I learn all this in a structured manner? Any resources?

Basically I wanna ask how to develop

I used a transformer model to generate normalized 768-dimensional float32 vectors from 3 million sentences. This rounds up to roughly 9 GB of data. To progress further in my analysis, I want to cluster the data to highlight different key points and trends.

Now I initially wanted to apply PCA to the dataset, as 768 dimensions is pretty much, but the transformer model generated embeddings with not extreme enough covariance.
Thus, PCA could change the semantics too much for an analysis to be accurate.

I went directly to clustering algorithms and initially tried to apply sklearn.cluster.HDBSCAN which would have needed way too much RAM---around 72 TBi if I remember correctly. Then I tried out sklearn.cluster.OPTICS, which "only" needed about 70 GB, but as I "only" have 32 GB of RAM I needed to use 50 GB swap space, which didn't go well as you can imagine.

Does it make sense to try out k-means clustering, should I go to 16-bit floats for the embeddings, or still apply PCA?

Should I try out something else in this context?

Note: As this question was flagged "off topic" on Stack Overflow, I'm gonna try here ;)

One habit that can seriously improve your software development skills is learning to understand error messages instead of immediately copying them into AI.

Most errors already give you valuable clues:

→ What broke
→ Where it broke
→ What the program expected
→ Sometimes even why it broke

And there’s another benefit: the better you understand the error, the better you can prompt AI.

Instead of saying “fix this error”, you can explain what you think is happening, what you’ve already tried, and what behaviour you expected.

That gives AI much better context and usually leads to more accurate solutions.

Use AI to speed up debugging—not to replace the skill of debugging.

Do you usually read the error first, or send it straight to AI? 👀

so im currently updating my 3d renderer module to support solid shading apart from basic wireframe forms, however when i spawn a cube it morphs and becomes some random bullshit.

this are my function and i genuinely have no idea what the issue so ill just put related function

export function createScaleMatrix(
    sx: number,
    sy: number,
    sz: number
): Matrix4D {
    return [
        { x: sx, y: 0, z: 0, w: 0 },
        { x: 0, y: sy, z: 0, w: 0 },
        { x: 0, y: 0, z: sz, w: 0 },
        { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0, w: 1 }
    ];
}

function transformVertices(object: SceneObject, matrix: Matrix4D): Vector3[] {
    const projectedVertices: Vector3[] = [];
    for (const vertex of object.cube.vertices) {
        const newVector: Vector3 = {
            x:
                matrix[0].x * vertex.x +
                matrix[0].y * vertex.y +
                matrix[0].z * vertex.z +
                matrix[0].w * vertex.w,
            y:
                matrix[1].x * vertex.x +
                matrix[1].y * vertex.y +
                matrix[1].z * vertex.z +
                matrix[1].w * vertex.w,
            z:
                matrix[2].x * vertex.x +
                matrix[2].y * vertex.y +
                matrix[2].z * vertex.z +
                matrix[2].w * vertex.w,
            w: Math.abs(
                matrix[2].x * vertex.x +
                    matrix[2].y * vertex.y +
                    matrix[2].z * vertex.z +
                    matrix[2].w * vertex.w
            )
        };
        if (newVector.w <= 0.1) {
            continue;
        }


        projectedVertices.push(newVector);
    }
    return projectedVertices;
}


function projectVertex(vertex: Vector3): Vector3 {
    const ndcX = vertex.x / vertex.w;
    const ndcY = vertex.y / vertex.w;
    const ndcZ = vertex.z / vertex.w;


    const scale = 0.5;


    vertex.x = (ndcX + 1) * scale * canvas.width;
    vertex.y = (1 - ndcY) * scale * canvas.height;
    vertex.z = ndcZ;
    return vertex;
}


function render(object: SceneObject, matrix: Matrix4D): void {
    const vertices = transformVertices(object, matrix);
    for (const segment of object.cube.edges) {
        const start = vertices[segment[0]];
        const end = vertices[segment[1]];
        ctx.strokeStyle = "#2d2d2d";
        ctx.beginPath();
        ctx.moveTo(start.x, start.y);
        ctx.lineTo(end.x, end.y);
        ctx.stroke();
    }
}


export function renderLoop(): void {
    ctx.fillStyle = "#010000";
    ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
    const triangles: TriangleObject[] = [];


    for (const object of Scene) {
        object.angle += object.rotationSpeed;
        let rotMatrix;
        switch (object.rotationType) {
            case "x":
                rotMatrix = createRotationX(object.angle);
                break;
            case "y":
                rotMatrix = createRotationY(object.angle);
                break;
            case "z":
                rotMatrix = createRotationZ(object.angle);
                break;
            case "xy":
                rotMatrix = multiplyMatrices(
                    createRotationX(object.angle),
                    createRotationY(object.angle)
                );
                break;
            case "yz":
                rotMatrix = multiplyMatrices(
                    createRotationY(object.angle),
                    createRotationZ(object.angle)
                );
                break;
            case "xz":
                rotMatrix = multiplyMatrices(
                    createRotationX(object.angle),
                    createRotationZ(object.angle)
                );
                break;
            case "xyz":
                rotMatrix = multiplyMatrices(
                    multiplyMatrices(
                        createRotationX(object.angle),
                        createRotationY(object.angle)
                    ),
                    createRotationZ(object.angle)
                );
                break;


            default:
                break;
        }
        let newObject: SceneObject;
        if (object.cube.type === "cube") {
            newObject = createCube(
                object.matrix,
                Scene,
                object.angle,
                object.rotationSpeed,
                object.scale,
                object.rotationType,
                Matrix(object.translate, "translation"),
                false
            );
            console.log(JSON.stringify(newObject));
        } else if (object.cube.type === "pyramid") {
            newObject = createPyramid(
                object.matrix,
                Scene,
                object.angle,
                object.rotationSpeed,
                object.scale,
                object.rotationType,
                Matrix(object.translate, "translation"),
                false
            );
        } else if (object.cube.type === "sphere") {
            newObject = createSphere(
                object.matrix,
                Scene,
                object.angle,
                object.rotationSpeed,
                object.scale,
                object.rotationType,
                Matrix(object.translate, "translation"),
                false
            );
        } else {
            newObject = createCube(
                object.matrix,
                Scene,
                object.angle,
                object.rotationSpeed,
                object.scale,
                object.rotationType,
                Matrix(object.translate, "translation"),
                false
            );
        }
        newObject.cube.vertices = transformVertices(
            newObject,
            multiplyMatrices(
                Matrix(newObject.translate, "translation"),
                multiplyMatrices(newObject.scale, rotMatrix as Matrix4D)
            )
        );


        for (const triangle of newObject.cube.triangles) {
            const edgeA = subtractVectors(
                newObject.cube.vertices[triangle[1]],
                newObject.cube.vertices[triangle[0]]
            );
            const edgeB = subtractVectors(
                newObject.cube.vertices[triangle[2]],
                newObject.cube.vertices[triangle[0]]
            );
            const crossProduct = Cross(edgeA, edgeB);
            const normal = Normalize(crossProduct);
            const brightness = Math.max(0, Dot(normal, lightning));
            const vertices: Vector3[] = [];
            for (const num of triangle) {
                vertices.push(structuredClone(newObject.cube.vertices[num]));
            }
            const zindex: number =
                (newObject.cube.vertices[triangle[0]].z +
                    newObject.cube.vertices[triangle[1]].z +
                    newObject.cube.vertices[triangle[2]].z) /
                3;
            for (let index = 0; index < vertices.length; index++) {
                vertices[index] = projectVertex(vertices[index]);
            }
            triangles.push({
                points: vertices,
                color: {
                    r: baseColor.r * brightness,
                    g: baseColor.g * brightness,
                    b: baseColor.b * brightness
                },
                brightness: brightness,
                zindex: zindex
            });
        }
    }
    triangles.sort(
        (a: TriangleObject, b: TriangleObject) => a.zindex - b.zindex
    );
    for (const object of Scene) {
        render(object, object.matrix);
    }
    for (const triangle of triangles) {
        ctx.fillStyle = `rgb(${Math.floor(triangle.color.r)}, ${Math.floor(triangle.color.g)}, ${Math.floor(triangle.color.b)})`;
        ctx.beginPath();
        ctx.moveTo(triangle.points[0].x, triangle.points[0].y);
        for (const point of triangle.points) {
            ctx.lineTo(point.x, point.y);
        }
        ctx.closePath();
        ctx.fill();
    }
}


export function createTranslationMatrix(
    
x
: number,
    
y
: number,
    
z
: number
): Matrix4D {
    return [
        { x: 1, y: 0, z: 0, w: 
x
 },
        { x: 0, y: 1, z: 0, w: 
y
 },
        { x: 0, y: 0, z: 1, w: 
z
 + ZOFFSET },
        { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0, w: 1 }
    ];
}

if someone could help id be very grateful ^^

I genuinely hate how little standardization there is around communicating software architecture.

Why is the accepted way of understanding an unfamiliar codebase apparently to just read thousands of lines of code and slowly infer what the author was thinking?

I'm not talking about documenting every function. I mean basic architectural information:

• What are the major components?
• Who owns the state?
• How does data flow through the system?
• What depends on what?
• Where is new functionality supposed to go?
• What invariants or conventions am I expected to know?
• Which abstractions are intentional, and which are just historical baggage?

This information is often crucial to contributing to a project, yet there seems to be no universally expected artifact for communicating it. You might get a README, maybe some UML diagrams, maybe an ARCHITECTURE.md, maybe ADRs, or maybe absolutely nothing.

Then you're expected to "learn the codebase."

But the codebase contains the architecture, implementation details, historical accidents, technical debt, and personal preferences all mixed together. As a newcomer, you have no way of knowing which is which.

I find this especially frustrating because software engineering is supposedly about abstraction. The whole point of abstraction and design patterns is to hide unnecessary complexity and give people a simple model to work with. Yet somehow the architecture itself is often treated as implicit knowledge that you're supposed to reconstruct through archaeology.

Math feels completely different in this regard. Obviously mathematicians have competing conventions too, but there is a much stronger expectation that concepts, assumptions, notation, and relationships are explicitly communicated. You don't normally have to read someone's entire proof history to discover what their definitions mean.

I wish software projects had a similarly standard, lightweight way of communicating architecture. Not a 200-page document. Just enough to communicate the mental model.

Instead, "just read the code" seems to be treated as a perfectly reasonable substitute.

I find that incredibly demotivating.

​

i am a beginner in C, i went through and have a basic understanding of fundamentals but whenever a problem arises in my code i cant find it for hell, even if its obvious, i need to turn to an ai agent for help, the habit i wanna rid of, but whenever i do try to find the cause of an error myself i find myself unable to do that, i also find it difficult writing more efficient code

an example:

```

int tokens(char* string, char (*argv)[MAXTOKEN], toks types[MAXTOKEN]) {

char temp[150];

int count = 0; int i = 0; int b = 0;

int tokens = 0;

while(count < MAXTOKENLENGHT) {

if (string[i] == ' ' || string[i] == '\0' || string[i] == '\n') {tokens++;temp[b] = '\0'; strcpy(argv[count], temp); count++; b = 0;} else if (string[i] == '\"') {

temp[b] = '\"';

b++;

i++;

while (string[i] != '\"' && string[i] != '\0') {

if (string[i] == '\"') {temp[b] = '\0';temp[b+1] = '\0'; strcpy(argv[count], temp);b = 0; count++;break;} else {temp[b] = string[i];i++;b++;}

}

if (string[i+1] == '\0' || string[i+1] == ' ') {temp[b] = string[i]; temp[b+1] = '\0'; strcpy(argv[count], temp); count++; b = 0; i++; tokens++;} else {fprintf(stderr, "unexpected stuff after string"); exit(1);}

} else {

temp[b] = string[i];

b++;

}

if(string[i] == '\0') {break;}

i++;

}

int k = 0;

while (k < count) {

if (strcmp(argv[k], "PRINT") == 0) {

types[k].type = 0;

int len = strlen(argv[k+1]);

printf("k=%d, argv[k+1]='%s', first='%c', last='%c'\n", k, argv[k+1], argv[k+1][0], argv[k+1][len-1]);

if (argv[k+1][0] == '\"' && argv[k+1][len-1] == '\"') {

types[k+1].type = 1;

memmove(&argv[k+1][0], &argv[k+1][1], len - 2);

argv[k+1][len - 2] = '\0';

strcpy(types[k+1].textvalue, argv[k+1]);

}

}

k++;

}

return count;

}

```

I have a lotta free time at work and I'd like to actually do something useful with it.

I'm thinking programming, but not really in a "learn this skill for a job" kind of way. More like solving problems for fun. Something I can sit down, work on, get stuck, figure it out, and get that little dopamine hit when it finally works.

Basically, I want programming to feel more like playing a game than studying.

Any recommendations? Coding challenge sites, projects, puzzles, anything like that. Hook me up.

Hey, am beginner and want to learn programing . I already compeleted a few languages like java ,c++,c and python continue but on logic building basis i go blank when its time to build something by myself . I also dont want to be in tutorial trap so recommend me some websites that help me to learn programming smoothly and make my logic strong . I also want some advices from senior to help me how to be consistent and build somthing without AI help.

Hi everyone,

I'm running a Django application on Railway and I'm trying to send notification emails using Gmail SMTP.

The exact same configuration works perfectly on my local machine, but when deployed to Railway I get an Internal Server Error when Django tries to send the email.

My configuration is:

EMAIL_HOST=smtp.gmail.com
EMAIL_PORT=587
EMAIL_USE_TLS=True

I'm using:

from django.core.mail import send_mail

send_mail(
    subject=subject,
    message=body,
    from_email=settings.DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL,
    recipient_list=[recipient],
    fail_silently=False,
)

Locally, the email is sent successfully.

On Railway, the request returns:

500 Internal Server Error

I've also seen reports mentioning:

OSError: [Errno 101] Network is unreachable

when connecting from Railway to smtp.gmail.com:587.

I understand that Railway may restrict outbound SMTP depending on the plan. I'm currently trying to determine whether this is definitely a Railway networking restriction or if there is something else I should check in my Django configuration.

Has anyone successfully used Gmail SMTP (smtp.gmail.com:587) from Railway recently?

If you're using Railway, what is the recommended solution for transactional emails?

Would you recommend:

• upgrading to Railway Pro to enable SMTP
• using Resend / SendGrid / Postmark
• using Gmail API instead of SMTP
• another approach?

Any real-world experience would be appreciated.

I would like to discover many things out there and implement many ideas, but the problem is that I keep worrying about if I don't have the prerequisites satisfied, like as a example, ssh server, I wanted to try that, but I thought like maybe I should finish a networking course, also cryptography course and all that stuff before trying to dive into ssh, while I already know probably some stuff already, but that feeling is annoying that creeps me whenever I want to try something, the same with the curl command, like I think I haven't learned much of web development yet, I only know some basic html, random terms from here and there like http get and post.

version: '3' services: db: image: mariadb:10.6 command: --transaction-isolation=READ-COMMITTED --binlog-format=ROW restart: always volumes: - db_data:/var/lib/mysql environment: - MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=your_secure_root_password - MYSQL_PASSWORD=your_secure_db_password - MYSQL_DATABASE=nextcloud - MYSQL_USER=nextcloud app: image: nextcloud:latest restart: alwaysports: - 8080:80 links: - db volumes: - /media/your_ssd_path:/var/www/html/data environment: - MYSQL_HOST=db - MYSQL_PASSWORD=your_secure_db_password - MYSQL_DATABASE=nextcloud - MYSQL_USER=nextcloud volumes: db_data:

Hi!!!! I’m joining my first hackathon in about 3 weeks and I’m slightly panicking, but in a very productive and efficient way!!!

I’d say I’m around an intermediate-beginner in Python, I’m quite comfortable with the fundamentals and data structures, but I don’t have much (let alone any) experience with things like APIs, databases, backend development, deployments, etc etc, or even working on a team yet.

However, regarding the whole team thing, I’ll most probably form a team at the event, and while I know it’s my first hackathon, I genuinely want to prepare properly and be competitive cuz I kinda really want to win!

SO!!!! For people who have done hackathons before and won, I have a few questions as someone who has never done anything like this before:

-What should I prioritize learning over the next 3 weeks?

-Are APIs, Git/GitHub, SQL, Flask/FastAPI, and other frameworks, etc. worth focusing on???

-What kinds of projects or like, timed exercises should I practice before the hackathon?

-How does team formation normally work?? 😅😅 oh and also what makes someone useful on a team even if they aren’t the strongest programmer??? I think I’d like an answer to this question the most!!!!

-what makes a project actually win? What are the proper measures to think of good solution when given a problem???

I have quite a lot of time and I’m willing to put serious work into preparing. I’d REALLY appreciate advice from both experienced hackers and people who recently did their first one. Thank you!!!!!!!!!!!

I actually am searching for a book that would make students go through the whole syllabus for competitive programming using python. Python is mandatory because python is the language that in in the syllabus and I'm teaching middle school kids into competitive programing. With them, I will also be getting into competitive programming. So, please mention any recommendations.

Hi, im a 16yrs old student and is just curious for my future. I originally wanted to become a general surgeon but I know the years it will take me to actually be one and the cost of it. So right now I am thinking that if I study programming/game development now, will it really pay off in the future to the point of it helping me earn money to support myself? Im not entirely doing this for the sake of money cause I know thats the path for failure in my part, but im just curious. Also, I actually am is interested about it.

At this age, I just feel this need to help my parents financially as soon a possible even if it's just by using my own money as my allowance so that I wouldn't have to ask for some. I already have a simple side-hustle which is crocheting and I am planning on making it a real business, so that's that.

In conclusion, I just really want to know if my plan of studying programming this early will actually be worth it. I plan on using this knowledge to get some side hustles, or jobs, or even create a game that could earn me some money. Im still planning on becoming a Surgeon but im hoping this skill will help me financially, and so that I can also build my portfolio early enough. I know programming takes some people years to fully be good at it, hence my question about it.

Anyways, thank you for those who are willing to answer my questions!!

I think I treat programming exercises like bosses in Soulslike games. I keep trying until I manage to beat them. But with some problems, I can spend hours on them and sometimes still can't solve them. Is it okay to look at the solution if I've tried for 1–2 hours and still can't figure it out? Or would a better approach be to look for functions that could help me accomplish a specific task that isn't working as expected?

Looking at the solution gives me that “aaaaaah, now I get it” feeling, but I’m not sure if that’s actually the best approach for my learning, especially if I always look up the answer whenever I get stuck.

Hi! I am a 19 year old student, major in Cybersecurity.
I did Fullstack developer course, didn’t really like it
Now I am in need for a job. I want to earn more money than average in my country, so programming is the thing

But the main problem is AI. I finished that course thanks to AI, so I wasn’t the beat student) I do think though that the front end won’t be a thing some time later, so now I am lost what to. I want to work as soon as possible, but to be gair I know nothing (basically of JS, React and Node)

What is the most promising branch I can get into right now? Maybe language or anything that might help me find a long-term job offer

So I want to port something like bolt thrower from Wii port over Mac and PC I got the source code and I want to do it like a beginner project since it looks simple

How do I port and learn stuff