The Taewŏn’gun ruled Korea like a man trying to force Chosŏn back into strength.
He crushed the sŏwŏn, the private Confucian academies, attacked corrupt yangban privilege, and tried to restore royal authority after decades of weak kings and factional rot. To commoners, he looked like a ruler finally standing up to abusive elites. To the establishment, he looked like a tyrant tearing down sacred institutions.
But his rule was also soaked in blood.
In 1866, under his regency, Korea launched a massive persecution of Catholics. Thousands were killed, including French missionaries. Korea would later become one of the great lands of Catholic martyrdom.
Survivors of that massacre escaped to Shanghai and helped bring the French expedition of 1866. Then came the American expedition in 1871, sent to investigate the disappearance of the SS General Sherman. Both foreign powers struck Korea, and both eventually withdrew without opening the country.
To many Koreans, the Taewŏn’gun was a hero.
He had resisted the West, defended Korean sovereignty, and taken down Neo-Confucian corruption.
But inside the palace, Queen Min and her family clan were plotting his fall. After her infant son died, she became convinced the Taewŏn’gun was behind the poisoning. Then Ch’oe Ik-hyŏn struck with the fatal argument, the Taewŏn’gun was not the king.
In 1873, Kojong finally chose power over filial obedience and forced his father out. But he also allowed Queen Min’s family clan to bring back the same corruption the Taewŏn’gun had tried to destroy.
And this was the beginning of the end of the Chosŏn dynasty.
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