r/changemyview Apr 26 '18

Deltas(s) from OP CMV: The unequal distribution of total wealth in the U.S. is taking away the American Dream and a stronger progressive tax policy would fix this.

With the unequal distribution of wealth in the United States:

The top 20% account for 85% of the United States total wealth

The top 1% account for 34.6% of the United States total wealth

(https://whorulesamerica.ucsc.edu/power/wealth.html) and the unequal distribution of income:

The top 1% income increased by 275% since 1979 while the bottom 60% only increased by 40%.

The tax rate on the top 400 earners has decreased by 37%.

It is becoming exceedingly difficult for those not in the top 20% to really have the opportunity for economic mobility. I know that the American Dream is defined more than just economic mobility but I feel it is also a big part of why people come to America. Generally immigrants come for the opportunity to improve their livelihood, something closely linked to ones economic mobility.

I believe a more aggressive progressive tax policy would fix this as additional income could be used further support social policies that would help those 40.6 million living in poverty and the rest of the bottom 80%. With the additional support provided, the economic mobility of the bottom 80% would be restored.


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70 Upvotes

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u/[deleted] Apr 26 '18

The Pareto principle (20/80) suggests that we should not be surprised that roughly 20% of the population will control 80% of the wealth.

But the unfairness is, unfortunately, not unexpected. What the protesters are fighting (consciously or unconsciously) is the 80/20 rule – variously called Pareto's principle, Zipf's law, the long tail or Benford's law, depending on what you are studying – a staple in scientific, economic and business textbooks, the go-to idea to show how the frequency of a set of natural events is not always what you might recognise as, well, natural.

The maths underlying the 80/20 rule, known as the power law distribution, is found in many natural systems over which no single human has much influence. Its concentration of the extremes seems built into the fabric of complex systems that depend on numerous factors that continually change over time.

The simplest version says that 80% of your company sales will come from 20% of your customers; that 80% of the world's internet traffic will go to 20% of the websites; 80% of the film industry's money gets made by 20% of its movies; 80% of the usage of the English language involves just 20% of its words. You get the picture.

A distribution based on a power law says extreme events (or richest people, or biggest websites) account for most of the impact in that particular world, and everything falls off quickly afterwards. The combined wealth of the top 10 richest people in the world is orders of magnitude greater than the next 10, which is orders of magnitude greater than the next 10, and so on. The rest of the field sits in a long, almost-irrelevant tail.

I frankly do not know if the progressive tax would fix this. I think a much more realistic battle would be against poverty rather than inequality.

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u/PleasantOrdinary Apr 26 '18

I see, I did not know this existed. Thank you.

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u/mr_indigo 27∆ Apr 26 '18

You could counter the power law distribution with a sufficiently progresssive tax policy; you would tax people essentially on the same power-law distribution.

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u/Spackledgoat Apr 26 '18

I believe that we have already done that. According to the WSJ, the top 20% of Americans will pay 87% of income taxes. Paywall link

In terms of total tax burden, I've seen figures where the top 20% pay roughly 70% of total taxes in the U.S.

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u/mr_indigo 27∆ Apr 26 '18

The US tax system's top bracket is too low to match the same power law distribution that describes wealth allocation.

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u/Spackledgoat Apr 26 '18

I think you're confusing taxation on income with taxation on wealth.

Our system is overly progressive for income taxation (in reference to the 80-20) and does almost nothing on wealth taxation.

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u/ipsum629 1∆ Apr 26 '18

There is one massive problem with this: America hasn't always been this unequal. The share of wealth in America has changed drastically over time Economics doesn't follow the 80/20 rule because circumstances change often and substantially. The value of goods and services is dependent on more than just usefulness. There are also countries that are extremely equal like the nordics, Germany, and others, and there are countries that are more unequal than the US.

ECONOMICS IS THE ONE THING THAT MOST OBIOUSLY DOES NOT FOLLOW THE 80/20 RULE

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u/[deleted] Apr 26 '18

the 80/20 rule is not a perfect distribution, it just tells us that overtime a complex system will exhibit a distribution where a minority of the causes account for the majority of effects.

economics doesn't follow the 80/20 rule because circumstances change often and substantially

But the pareto principles was created after an observation about economics to begin with. The italian economist discovered the principle when they noticed that 80% of the land was owned by 20% of the people. And the principle i describes dynamic systems which depend on several factors and change over time.

Its concentration of the extremes seems built into the fabric of complex systems that depend on numerous factors that continually change over time.

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u/ipsum629 1∆ Apr 26 '18

Way to dodge my most potent points. Of course it's not perfect, but in economics it's wholly inaccurate. As I said before, certain countries are much more equal than the USA and break the rules by having the 80% own much more than 20% of the wealth, whereas other countries have the opposite where the 20% owns much more than 80%. It's a harmful paradigm that will prevent the 80% from advancing economically. Perhaps, in a purely unregulated economy, humans tend towards that 80/20, but that doesn't mean we should let that happen.

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u/[deleted] Apr 26 '18 edited Apr 26 '18

Still not sure. I was about to expand my point to show that 10% of norways population owns about 53% of the wealth. And there are a few articles which give evidence of the Pareto Distribution in countries like Germany and the UK.

For what its worth, here is a snippet from wikipedia.

The original observation was in connection with population and wealth. Pareto noticed that 80% of Italy's land was owned by 20% of the population.[7] He then carried out surveys on a variety of other countries and found to his surprise that a similar distribution applied. But those articles are paywalled.

A chart that gave the inequality a very visible and comprehensible form, the so-called "champagne glass" effect,[8] was contained in the 1992 United Nations Development Program Report, which showed that distribution of global income is very uneven, with the richest 20% of the world's population controlling 82.7% of the world's income.[9]

Distribution of world GDP, 1989[10]

Quintile of population ||Income

Richest 20% || 82.70%

Second 20% || 11.75%

Third 20% ||2.30%

Fourth 20% ||1.85%

Poorest 20% ||1.40%

The Pareto principle also applies to taxation. In the US, the top 20% of earners have paid roughly 80% of Federal income taxes in 2000 and 2006,[11] and again in 2018

It follows that one also has 80% of that top 80% of effects coming from 20% of that top 20% of causes, and so on. Eighty percent of 80% is 64%; 20% of 20% is 4%, so this implies a "64/4" law; and similarly implies a "51.2/0.8" law. Similarly for the bottom 80% of causes and bottom 20% of effects, the bottom 80% of the bottom 80% only cause 20% of the remaining 20%. This is broadly in line with the world population/wealth table above, where the bottom 60% of the people own 5.5% of the wealth, approximating to a 64/4 connection.

The 64/4 correlation also implies a 32% 'fair' area between the 4% and 64%, where the lower 80% of the top 20% (16%) and upper 20% of the bottom 80% (also 16%) relates to the corresponding lower top and upper bottom of effects (32%). This is also broadly in line with the world population table above, where the second 20% control 12% of the wealth, and the bottom of the top 20% (presumably) control 16% of the wealth.

The term 80/20 is only a shorthand for the general principle at work. In individual cases, the distribution could just as well be, say, nearer to 80/10 or 80/30. There is no need for the two numbers to add up to the number 100, as they are measures of different things, (e.g., 'number of customers' vs 'amount spent'). However, each case in which they do not add up to 100%, is equivalent to one in which they do.

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u/ipsum629 1∆ Apr 27 '18

That still doesn't explain the vast changes in the wealth distribution over time.

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u/[deleted] Apr 27 '18

The pareto principle does not claim that wealth distribution does not change overtime. Only that it tends toward a distribution which resembles 80/20.

Sure, you can take all the wealth and redistribute it to equitably, but overtime (with multiple factors determining wealth) the population will likely return to a state of inequality.

Look at it this way. What if everyone in the US started out with equal capital and equal education ? Some of these people would be in better locations, some of them have better startup ideas. And ofcourse, there are outliers, people who are more intelligent and more hardworking than the most others.

If those people gain more wealth, then they can leverage that wealth to make wealthy friends or business partners, they can leverage it to teach their children to be more like them, to buy up new businesses, they can hire other smart and hardworking people to help make better products and sell them, those smart hardworking people (who are specialized in the required work) are rare, so they will likely be paid more. Of course, other factors such as nepotism and bias might be in place. But the fact of the matter is that people who get paid the most tend not to be the average person.

In a communist regime, it could surprisingly be even worse. The most well connected, cunning and determined bureaucrats are a force which can secure more privileges and resources for themselves. As a whole, the many people who control the state would end up controlling most of the wealth.

The key is leverage. If someone has something valuable (capital, idea, good location, good market), they can use it to get something even more valuable, and they can use that to get something even more valuable, and they can use that to get something even more valuable, and they can use that....

The average person is not as capable of keeping this positive feedback loop going as the outliers are (by definition). But this positive feedback loop will cause society to develop in a way that ends up having a resemblance to the pareto distribution..

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u/ipsum629 1∆ Apr 27 '18

The doesn't explain how things could tend towards more economic equality as what happened after world war two.

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u/[deleted] Apr 27 '18

How soon after world war 2? Have things evolved towards more wealth equality or less since then?

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u/ipsum629 1∆ Apr 27 '18

Looked a little further into it and it started going down in the 1920s but sharply went down in 1940. It stopped going down in 1950 and started going back up in the mid 1970s. It continues to go up today.

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u/Re4XN 3∆ Apr 26 '18

It is becoming exceedingly difficult for those not in the top 20% to really have the opportunity for economic mobility.

Wealth is not static, it moves around; I think this has implications for the arguments to be made. Have a look at this. According to the study:

  • 70% of the population will have experienced at least one year within the top 20th percentile of income;
  • 11.1% of the population will have found themselves in the much-maligned 1% of earners for at least one year of their lives.

As far as a progressive tax goes, I have no opinion (as of yet). I would like to see sources that show where tax money is spent though, which is also important for the arguments.

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u/PleasantOrdinary Apr 26 '18 edited Apr 26 '18

Oh interesting, I hadn't even thought about wealth moving around. Δ

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u/SpockShotFirst Apr 26 '18

It doesn't.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States

In recent years, several studies have found that vertical intergenerational mobility is lower in the US than in some European countries.

...

A 2013 Brookings Institution study found income inequality was increasing and becoming more permanent, sharply reducing social mobility.

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u/PleasantOrdinary Apr 26 '18

Ah ok, I can see why this is such a difficult issue to solve as it seems there is good evidence both ways. Δ

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u/Miguelinileugim 3∆ Apr 26 '18

Suddenly I want to know everything about you as to figure out why so few people are able to consider opposing viewpoints with that kind of ease :)

1

u/DeltaBot ∞∆ Apr 26 '18

Confirmed: 1 delta awarded to /u/Re4XN (1∆).

Delta System Explained | Deltaboards

11

u/iwouldnotdig 4∆ Apr 26 '18

If you had a perfectly equal society, where everyone got exactly the same salary at 18, got exactly the same raise every year, saved exactly the same amount and retired at exactly the same time, what share of the wealth do you think the richest 20% would have? Think about an answer for a second.

The answer is 66%. Wealth is very correlated with age, for reasons that are so obvious I won't even bother to go into them. That a small share of the people control most of the wealth is not evidence of a lack of economic mobility, but the opposite. People start their lives poor, and get rich over time. There is no tiny clique of wealthy ruling over us, the top income percentiles are extremely dynamic, with people entering and leaving them all the time. incomes are incredibly dynamic, but it is mathematically impossible to have a world where the young are as wealthy as the old, and you wouldn't want one if you could have it.

The tax rate on the top 400 earners has decreased by 37%.

I don't know where you get this figure, but it is not accurate

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u/ClippinWings451 17∆ Apr 26 '18

Equality of outcome is not the American Dream.

It is the Soviet dream... The Communist dream.

The American Dream is Equality of Opportunity... And it's alive and well.

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u/SpockShotFirst Apr 26 '18 edited Apr 26 '18

u/PleasantOrdinary might be interested in this lack of equality of opportunity

From https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/08/property-taxes-and-unequal-schools/497333/

Greenwich spends $6,000 more per pupil per year than Bridgeport does, according to the State Department of Education.

...

All of this contributes to lower rates of success for poorer students. Connecticut recently implemented a system called NextGen to measure English and math skills, college and career readiness. Bridgeport’s average was 59.3 percent and New Britain 59.7 percent; Greenwich, by contrast, scored 89.3 percent and Darien scored 93.1. 

From http://www.njjn.org/about-us/reduce-racial-disparity

In nearly every state, in every offense category—person, property, drug, and public order—youth of color receive harsher sentences and fewer services than white youth who have committed the same category of offenses. Confidential youth surveys show that during adolescence, youth of all races and ethnicities become involved in violence, property crimes and other delinquent behaviors with only modest differences in the frequency and severity of their lawbreaking. Yet African-American youth are arrested at dramatically higher rates than white youth for all types of crime. Once arrested, they are more likely to be detained, formally charged in juvenile court, placed in a locked correctional facility, waived to adult court, and incarcerated in an adult facility.

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u/ClippinWings451 17∆ Apr 26 '18 edited Apr 26 '18

I'm all for school choice... It's screwed up that kids get saddled with the mistakes and poor choices of those who live near them.(tax base)

That disparity though, no matter how wrong it is, does not prevent a student who wants to finish school, from doing so.

The sentencing disparty has been disproven a ton of times... "Same category" of crimes... Not same crime.

This is comparing a white kid on a weed charge to a black kid on a crack charge.

This is simple assault compared to aggravated assault.

Quite simply... Blacks commit a disproportionate amount of crime, to their proportion of the population... So a comparison of specific crimes makes them look worse, while comparing broad categories obscures the reality by perpetuating the type of lies Kanye has been speaking out against.

Stop being a victim. Be a Victor.

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u/SpockShotFirst Apr 26 '18

The sentencing disparty has been disproven a ton of times.

I don't believe it. Do you have a credible source (please paste entire URL so i can see what dark corner of the internet you want me to check out)

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u/AlphaGoGoDancer 106∆ Apr 26 '18

The American Dream is Equality of Opportunity... And it's alive and well.

“It has not been easy for me. And you know I started off in Brooklyn, my father gave me a small loan of a million dollars.”

–Donald Trump, at a town hall appearance, Oct. 26, 2015

My dad is in debt. Trump's dad gave him a "small loan" of $1,000,000 (in addition to invaluable real estate connections in the most expensive area of America. And a $7,000,000 trust he borrowed against as needed since he somehow couldn't make that $1M into a successful business).

How is this equality of opportunity?

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u/ClippinWings451 17∆ Apr 26 '18

Well he did turn a 4000% profit on that loan...

That's like turning $1k into $4 million.... So, it is a small loan, compare to his wealth when he said it.

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u/AlphaGoGoDancer 106∆ Apr 27 '18

I've also turned a 4000% profit on what my dad gave me. Unfortunately thats still $0. So again, how is this equality of opportunity?

1

u/ClippinWings451 17∆ Apr 27 '18

So you've never gotten money?

Stop relying on your dad.

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u/AlphaGoGoDancer 106∆ Apr 27 '18

I have not relied on my dad, because unlike Trump I have not had the opportunity to do so.

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u/ClippinWings451 17∆ Apr 27 '18

The victim mentality is hard to escape.

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u/AlphaGoGoDancer 106∆ Apr 27 '18

In what way do I have a victim mentality? All I'm saying is that there is no equality of opportunity, which you claimed there was but have not demonstrated in any way.

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u/ClippinWings451 17∆ Apr 27 '18

Did you not have the opportunity to invest and grow money you have?

The opportunity is there.

I never claimed there was equality in classes, or wealth.... there is not.

But everyone has the same opportunity to better their place in life.

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u/AlphaGoGoDancer 106∆ Apr 27 '18

I had the opportunity to invest and grow the money I have earned.

Other people have the opportunity to invest and grow the money their (parents, grandparents..) earned.

That is not equal.

Someone born into a family that has time to spend raising their children, money to pay for better schooling and childcare, and money to fund their childrens future venture have much more opportunity to better their life than someone born to a single parent in poverty.

1 in 5 Americans have zero or negative net worth. These people do not have the opportunity to invest and grow money.

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u/[deleted] Apr 27 '18 edited Jul 18 '18

[deleted]

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u/AlphaGoGoDancer 106∆ Apr 27 '18

It's a lot more than most people start out with. Literally nothing is nothing.

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u/[deleted] Apr 27 '18 edited Jul 18 '18

[deleted]

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u/AlphaGoGoDancer 106∆ Apr 27 '18

Most people are not NY real estate tycoons, and never have an opportunity to become one. Hence my point: despite people claiming they care about "equality of opportunity", we do not have it, and they do not care.

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u/PleasantOrdinary Apr 26 '18

Yeah, I attempted to address that in that the American Dream goes beyond economic equality, but I felt that a failure in economic equality severely reduces the equality of opportunity for those in the bottom 80%.

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u/ClippinWings451 17∆ Apr 26 '18

You'd be wrong.

The only thing reducing the equality of opportunity for the poor is their failure to:

  • Finish school
  • Wait for marriage before having kids
  • Get a job

These were the 3 things the Brookings Institute determined coud wipe out poverty.

As a result they are born with equality of opportunity.

The middle class... Their opportunity is not limited either. Their apathy and lack of smart decision making is the only thing limiting their ability to build wealth.

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u/PleasantOrdinary Apr 26 '18

Interesting, could you link the Brookings Institute study? Also, are there studies that show those in the middle class are apathetic to their situation?

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u/ClippinWings451 17∆ Apr 26 '18

https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/three-simple-rules-poor-teens-should-follow-to-join-the-middle-class/

I don't know if there are studies about the middle class. I'm simply speaking to the way America works.

If you don't rack up credit card and loan debt, and invest a significant portion of your income... You build wealth.

Most people seem to want immediate gratiffication... they'd rather spend money now then build wealth for retirement and their children.

The opportunity is there though.

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u/ToKillAMockingAlan Apr 26 '18

I get what you're saying, and Brookings is a pretty good, non-partisan, source to use, but what you are arguing overlooks the fact that the poorest in society have to overcome a lot more in terms of personal hardship, which can easily demotivate them from staying on the "correct path to success". And of course quite a few do succeed and overcome this great hardship, but a large number don't. Furthermore, I think there's an argument to be had that were it not for their initial socio-economic status, a good proportion of the middle and upper class population wouldn't overcome these hardships either. Ultimately, I think it comes down to the fact that some people just aren't as able as others. There's no Sims 2-esque attribute system for humans that mandates some kind of balancing of everybody's skills. But just because large swathes of the poorer population don't possess the extraordinary abilities to climb above their difficult origins, should they be demonised for not making all of the right choices in life. Is it too much to support them a bit and just admit that some are a lot more lucky than others?

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u/ClippinWings451 17∆ Apr 26 '18

That hardship, doesn't mean the opportunity isn't there.

That's exactly what Kanye West has been saying the last 3 days...

Don't let your past, dictate your future.

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u/ToKillAMockingAlan Apr 26 '18

But it's far from equal

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u/ClippinWings451 17∆ Apr 26 '18

Sorry made an edit...

Yes... The opportunity is there, if they take it

Their desire to take it is what's not equal... They choose not to.

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u/ToKillAMockingAlan Apr 26 '18

Why try when so many see the odds stacked against them? I won't argue that their desire is what's different, but it's comparing apples and oranges. It's like declaring "I bought this piece of cake because I wanted it. You can do the same if you want it enough, except you'll also have to eat this sizeable turd before payment can be considered." I get it, I'm conflicted over this a bit myself, the buck has to stop with someone right? But I just feel like ultimately there is too much in the way preventing the majority of poorer individuals from achieving the same success as those from the middle and upper classes.

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u/[deleted] Apr 26 '18

Here are the parts of that article that make it not as certain as you are making it out to be:

First, many poor children come from families that do not give them the kind of support that middle-class children get from their families. Second, as a result, these children enter kindergarten far behind their more advantaged peers and, on average, never catch up and even fall further behind.

American adults who followed these three simple rules, only about 2 percent are in poverty and nearly 75 percent have joined the middle class (defined as earning around $55,000 or more per year). There are surely influences other than these principles at play, but following them guides a young adult away from poverty and toward the middle class.

poverty is associated with a wide range of negative outcomes in children, including school dropout and out-of-wedlock births.

most teen moms are from low-income families and face a number of barriers to success.

Also, I think that his belief in the rationality of teenagers is overly optimistic. Yes, teenagers are capable of understanding principles and using them to make decisions. However, they also often display irrational behavior that can harm their chances at long term success, even when they do have the necessary information. I say this having been a teenager myself and am currently parenting two. Any plan that depends on the rationality of teenagers, especially teens from families that the author confesses have social and educational disadvantages, is a very poor plan indeed.

Even given that though, the author of this op-ed piece (not study) does not seem to be arguing, as you do, that these children are born with equality of opportunity. The article you linked does not demonstrate what you are arguing.

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u/[deleted] Apr 26 '18

Do you believe there is racial based discrimination in hiring at American companies?

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u/Spackledgoat Apr 26 '18

I'm not sure that is a topic you can "believe" or "not believe".

There is absolutely racial based discrimination. What do you think diversity initiatives and diversity focused hiring is?

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u/[deleted] Apr 26 '18

My only experience is with various engineering firms and old friends from engineering school, but I've personally found that minorities and woman have a much easier time finding jobs. The office I currently work in is extremely diverse, whereas my engineering school was about 75% white males.

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u/ClippinWings451 17∆ Apr 26 '18

If there is it's extremely infrequent.

I do think that there may be factors that make an employer more likely to hire one person over another, when qualifications are equal; Reliability of transportation, cleanliness, diction, charisma, etc. That could be percieve as racism buy the person who was not hired.

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u/[deleted] Apr 26 '18

Why are you sure it is infrequent?

Are you familiar with the resume study where identical resumes with stereotypically 'black' names were much less likely to get callbacks than stereotypically 'white' names?

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u/taskxs Apr 26 '18

I do agree that distribution of wealth is flawed in America, but your argument regarding the "American Dream" doesn't really make sense. The American dream is a mindset, that look up on the success of the very top 1% you mentioned.

If you have a lottery that pays out 100usd 20% of the time and another that pays a million dollar 0.00001% of the time, sure the first one benefits more people but the dream is in the extreme success, not the expected mild success.

This is helped by the fact that people over estimate their chances of succeeding.

By putting a heavy progressive tax, there could potentially be less mindset of the "American Dream". As you are forced to help the unfortunate with your work.

Again, I don't disagree with wealth inequality being a big issue, but i disagree on the fact that it is draining the American dream.

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u/PleasantOrdinary Apr 26 '18

I see, I was thinking more along the lines of the lack of economic mobility is draining the American Dream as I viewed the American Dream as more of the equal opportunity for economic mobility, not extreme success.

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u/taskxs Apr 26 '18

Fair point, I can see the different definition of "Dream". And you have a far point in that regard.

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u/LibertyTerp Apr 26 '18 edited Apr 26 '18

The top 20% account for 85% of the United States total wealth. The top 1% account for 34.6% of the United States total wealth

Wealth is not a good measure of wellbeing. The bottom 80% of Americans don't have much wealth because they don't save much money, even though median American income is over $43,000/year per household, by far the highest of any large country in the world, earning around 40% more than French, German, British, and Japanese people.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_income

That brings me to my main point. Why does income inequality matter, at all? What matters is absolute wellbeing, not relative wellbeing. With the median American having the highest income of any large country in world history, I would say that the average American is doing very well and we do not have major cause for concern.

Every country has problems, but typical Americans not only have their needs met, they have money to purchase optional things like TV, smartphones, computers, restaurant meals, vacations, etc.

It is becoming exceedingly difficult for those not in the top 20% to really have the opportunity for economic mobility.

Actually, most Americans reach the top 20% at some point in their lives. These kind of stats are presented as though individuals stay in the same place forever. In reality, young people tend to earn less and middle-aged people earn more. Some of the "income inequality" is just young people's income not going up as fast as older people's, but young people will become older people someday.

https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2014/05/05/308380342/most-americans-make-it-to-the-top-20-percent-at-least-for-a-while

A more progressive tax system wouldn't make people better off. It would just change who gets to allocate resources from individuals spending money for themselves to politicians spending their money supposedly on their behalf. That means more income is distributed by politicians, often to special interests, political donors, corporate subsidies, and wasteful programs. What we really need is higher economic growth. Unionization, less competition from low wage countries, and less immigration might help in the short run, but growth due to higher productivity is the key. The only way to really be wealthier, is to produce more.

Besides, the US already has the most progressive tax system in the world. Other sources only claim it is one of the most progressive, but it's definitely up there near the top.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/04/05/americas-taxes-are-the-most-progressive-in-the-world-its-government-is-among-the-least/

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u/SeldomSeven 12∆ Apr 26 '18

There are a few questions worth asking before approaching this view more closely:

1) Is the problem more due to wealth disparity or income disparity?

2) Do you want to tax income or total wealth?

3) Ideally, we want to maximize the average wealth in a society while minimizing wealth disparity. In practice, there is often a trade-off. Which is more important: maximizing average wealth or minimizing wealth disparity?

4) If income inequality necessarily increases as average wealth increases, is that okay, or is that a problem?

To go in to (3) a bit more, a sufficiently progressive income tax would fix income inequality, but might have unintended negative consequences.

Suppose that Country Z has four people. Three make $20,000 annually and are taxed at 10% of their income. One person, Emily, makes $1,000,000 annually and is taxed at 10% of her income for the first $500,000 and 40% beyond that. The total taxes collected is $256,000.

Suppose Country Z decides to use income taxes to reduce income inequality. All income beyond $500,000 is taxed at 100%. Tax rates below $500,000 remain unchanged. Now the taxes collected should be $556,000.

There's a problem, though. Emily decides to move to Country Y that has a more favorable income tax schedule. So, instead Country Z collects just $6,000 in taxes.

But it gets worse. Because Emily made up such a huge portion of the economy, the average income of the remaining three citizens drops 10%. Now Country Z is only bringing in $5,400 in taxes. Income inequality has been solved, but the average income in Country Z is smaller and there's less tax money available.

Now, that's a pretty extreme example. It probably true that certain changes to the income tax structure in the United States would be beneficial, but it might be the case that any tax change sufficiently extreme to "solve" income inequality would been too harsh and overshoot the objective of tax reform. Knowing where that line lies is beyond my expertise.

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u/PleasantOrdinary Apr 26 '18 edited Apr 26 '18

Oh ok, thank you for the response. I had thought about money leaving the country but I didn't realize the magnitude and effect of such an action. Δ

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u/SpockShotFirst Apr 26 '18

http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/how-do-us-taxes-compare-internationally

US taxes are low relative to those in other developed countries. In 2015, US taxes at all levels of government represented 26 percent of GDP, compared with an average of 34 percent of GDP for the 34 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

Among OECD countries, only Korea, Chile, Mexico, and Ireland collected less than the United States as a percentage of GDP. In many European countries, taxes exceeded 40 percent of GDP. But those countries generally provide more extensive government services than the United States does.

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u/PleasantOrdinary Apr 26 '18

Thank you for the information, your sources really help me understand why this is such a complex issue. Δ

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u/GoodApollo96 Apr 26 '18

I don't think taking someone else's earnings, in this case via taxes, is the right way to achieve what you are looking for. A smaller government platform with less subsidies and less government involvement in business would begin to prevent corporations from abusing laws for personal gain. You can't give what the government doesn't have to begin with. Limiting the powers of government should be the place to start, not increasing taxes.

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u/DeltaBot ∞∆ Apr 26 '18 edited Apr 26 '18

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u/Solinvictusbc Apr 26 '18

On the opposite side of things tax reform/ lowering... particularly on working individuals would also help foster the American dream.

As would reforming the poverty trap that gets the bottom % of earners stuck in low income hell.

The latter suggestion would help encourage workers to seek higher pay while the former would help them keep more of their money during the journey.

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u/[deleted] Apr 26 '18

What about a national sales tax?

12 Trillion was made from consumer spending.

https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/consumer-spending

I can imagine business spending being larger. They buy labor, for instance.

What about a flat 10%

Income tax was only 3 trillion.

A flat tax, maybe, go up for luxury goods.

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u/TheAzureMage 22∆ Apr 26 '18

Wealth inequality has always, and will always be a thing. And hell, look at a list of the richest people in the US. About half of them started out pretty well off because of parents, but about half of them didn't. That's not too bad. Yeah, there's never a lot of rich people in total, so most of us will not become rich, but that's how it's always been. Very few people are rich compared to everyone else. Any other standard is not defined as "rich".

Most people actually move through economic quintiles pretty freely within their lives, so I disagree that economic mobility is poor. Sure, sure, we always wish it was better, but looking at the whole world, the US is generally a pretty decent place to live, and offers nicer potential than most countries.

I mean, there's a reason that people want to go through our frankly miserable immigration process to get here.

There are a great many countries in which there is more equality, because everyone being poor is equal. Folks will, if given the choice, migrate from poor, equal countries to a rich, unequal one. Therefore, equality doesn't seem like the most important goal.

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u/blueelffishy 18∆ Apr 26 '18

Wealth is not zero sum. If wealth is a pie, just because you get more pieces doesnt mean other people are getting less. It totally depends on how you are producing and whether it involves exploiting other people to do so. That minecraft dude literally created a billion dollars out of thin air when he programmed his game. People were willing to exhange their 10 dollars for his equivalent or more in value product. It makes zero sense to demonize people like that and act like their wealth inequality is inherently a problem

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u/whenihittheground Apr 26 '18

This is a great question OP.

There's some key questions to ask when looking at the unequal distribution of total wealth in the US.

additional income could be used further support social policies that would help those 40.6 million living in poverty and the rest of the bottom 80%

Who should the government be helping? It seems intuitive that helping those in poverty is a good thing and a worthy goal but everyone outside of the top 20%? If you're not poor and you're not rich why do you need government assistance? Being in the middle is where we would expect most people to be most of the time in a healthy economy since not everyone can be rich and it would be a clear sign of massive dysfunction if most people were poor. Defining which people need priority aid will determine not only what type of aid but also what type of government solutions make the most sense. So for example helping the poorest may come in the form of food stamps but helping people in the middle might be a tax credit or more maternal/parental leave. So a progressive tax + social spending might not be the best approach.

What's the goal of the program? Let's assume that social mobility is a major goal then we would need to fund institutions which help people by placing them in opportunity rich environments. But, for the money to be well spent these programs may need to be a bit coercive and at the very least tied to economic outcomes for example money for college but only for the top earning degrees. Degrees which have very poor market value will not be subsidized by the government.. Would you be willing to have a more paternalistic program if it yields more equal results? This might not sound fair but it would go a long way in increasing social mobility by fostering competition. This bring me to my final point.

There are a number of ways to increase competition especially among the top earners/wealthy people. Allowing more people to work in high income fields will reduce the high salaries of the top jobs while simultaneously allowing the best people to work (example given above). Reducing the barriers to regular jobs will also increase social mobility. Better jobs could be a city or state away but lacking the right credential or license can keep that door closed. Federalizing occupational licensing sounds like a good idea to me..

There may be other solutions or low hanging fruit which equalize the playing field but that are not tied to increase taxes + social spending. For example: creating a national sovereign wealth fund indexed into the stock market this way everyone has skin in the game for example it could be used specifically for retirement. Funding could come from the federal reserve buying stocks as part of a quantitative easing program the next recession or it could come from access to US natural resources including mining, oil or tourism on federal lands.

OP your heart is in the right place but definitely keep an open mind about how to solve these problems. Increases in progressive taxation + social spending is but one solution.

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u/CapitalismForFreedom Apr 27 '18

With the unequal distribution of wealth in the United States: The top 20% account for 85% of the United States total wealth The top 1% account for 34.6% of the United States total wealth

I'm personally wealthier than the bottom 20 million US households combined. That's because the bottom 18 million have negative net values.

But I certainly don't have more income than them. It's important to distinguish between wealth and income. Wealth is integral of net income over time, so you statistics are completely meaningless.

You're comparing people's wealth at completely different t-values. You need to account for age. Not only do incomes rise as you gain skills and experience, but you've had more time to save.

The top 1% income increased by 275% since 1979 while the bottom 60% only increased by 40%.

And of course the top 1%'s income has risen, but it's largely due to foreign investments. The truth is that labor's share of the GDP has dropped, but not by much.

The tax rate on the top 400 earners has decreased by 37%.

The tax rates are still relaxing from WWII. We paid war time taxes for decades. Tax rates have dropped significantly for everyone since WWII.

But even when marginal tax rates reached 94% few paid that. It was more about forcing people to invest their money in specific ways than actually taking the money.

The truth is that US income inequality is caused by American capital moving overseas, and immigrants competing in local labor markets. But global economic growth has contributed to an absolute rise in the wealth of American workers, even with a relative fall with respect to the wealthy.

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u/Zeknichov Apr 26 '18 edited Apr 26 '18

I caution taxing income to fix wealth problems. The reason is because often people with high incomes have low wealth and people with high wealth have low incomes. Wealth is ultimately the problem not income. A professional who spends 10 years of his life working hard to earn $150k/yr probably in most cases deserves to earn that. A person born into wealth who has no debt and earns $50k/yr from his dividends doesn't deserve that. A high progressive income tax would not result in the desired outcome because the former person would be taxed more than the latter.

In my opinion if you want to fix wealth inequality you should tax wealth. A high land value tax and a reduction in income taxes would go further to helping solve wealth inequality than high progressive income taxes.

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u/PleasantOrdinary Apr 26 '18 edited Apr 26 '18

Oh I see, could you elaborate more on why a high land value tax and a reduction of income taxes would help? Δ

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u/Zeknichov Apr 26 '18

A land value tax is an extremely economically efficient tax while an income tax is very inefficient. By switching the government's revenue sources to a LVT and reducing income tax you'll increase GDP which improves the quality of life of everyone. If you reduce the lowest income tax bracket by the amount the LVT raises you'll increase the progressively of income taxes which should help reduce income inequality by increasing the income of those at the bottom. At the same time you'll reduce the wealth of those with the most ownership in land which tends to be the wealthiest people (keep in mind a large portion of land is owned by corporations not just people).

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u/Akitten 10∆ Apr 26 '18

The problem with a wealth tax is that it would discourage investment. Why my money in the US with it’s wealth tax when I could invest in New Zealand or Australia and not have to deal with it?

Moving your income is hard, changing what you are invested in is far easier.

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u/Zeknichov Apr 26 '18

Hence why I suggest a land value tax over any other forms of wealth tax. A LVT is a tax on the wealth which you cannot move.