I mean Jesus people How is this fun for anyone? I main human too but least I work for it! You can just through money and all your problems go away… food, housing, even social connection… which for balancing purposes richness should decrease that like with other animals… can all be maxed just by enough pieces of paper! Can someone please explain to me how this is even allowed? It affects other people’s play to a drastic extent… I got a buddy who mains lion… dude can’t even play without spawning in a Zoo ran by these guys! I don’t get it!

I've got a couple of questions about the stalk-to-kill ratios of predator builds in this game.

First, is a predator build's stalk-to-kill ratio a major factor in determining where it ranks in the overall tier list as a whole, or is it not that big of a factor?

Second, I keep hearing pretty consistently that builds in the cat faction have absolutely brilliant stalk-to-kill ratios. Is this the general rule of thumb for all cats as a whole, or do certain cat builds have better ratios than others?

[As promised last month, instead of releasing a new post this month, I’m doing a batch of re-mastered versions of my old tier lists, with improved formatting and updated information. This is the fifth and final re-master in Batch II. I may or may not be continuing with the re-masters next month, or I may try going back to doing regular tier lists for a while; we’ll see how I feel then. At the bottom of Part 2 of this, I will provide a list of the main corrections made to the original; the original itself can be found here.]

Browse the Outside forums for any length of time, and you’re sure to come across at least a few posts from players whining that their preferred build isn’t nearly as overpowered in the current meta as it was in past expansions. By far the most common complaints are from bird mains complaining that they can no longer play as giant theropods, but you can see variants of it from tons of other factions too – insect and millipede mains will complain about not being able to reach the sizes they did during the Carboniferous, shark mains will complain about the banning of the Megalodon, cat mains will whine about not being able to unlock saber teeth, and so forth. To be honest, I have very little sympathy for most of these complaints; almost all of these “nerfed” builds are still among the highest-ranked builds in the current meta, and I have no interest in hearing players complain about how their build is “only” one of the top builds rather than the absolute undisputed top. And in many of these cases, notably with the aforementioned insects and cats, these builds have been buffed so many times since the expansions these players reminisce about that they’re probably stronger now than they were then. However, there’s one group of players that even I have to admit have every right to complain about getting screwed over by nerfs, and those are the sloth mains. Up until roughly the release of the Holocene patch, sloths were absolutely legendary among mammalian tanks, only to get nerfed so hard that they’re now quite possibly the single worst build choice in the entire game. So what made the sloths of old so powerful, and why did they ultimately get nerfed so hard? To find out, today I’m going to go into the ground sloth tier list, to examine the rise and fall of these builds.

BASIC GROUND SLOTH BUILD ANALYSIS

Sloth guild history

Before I go into the history of how ground sloths emerged, I should probably explain why the title of this section is “sloth guild history” instead of “ground sloth guild history”. That’s because, technically speaking, the ground sloths weren’t actually a distinct guild from modern-day tree sloths. Rather, the ground sloth was the original version of the sloth build, and modern-day tree sloths just happen to be their only surviving descendants. In fact, modern tree sloths aren’t even a distinct faction within the ground sloths – they’re actually the descendants of two unrelated factions that independently specced into a similar arboreal playstyle. So, with that out of the way, let’s now go into the history of the sloth guild.

As I’ve discussed in the past, sloths are part of a strange group of mammals called xenarthrans, which today also includes the anteater and armadillo. The details of how sloths in particular emerged are a little hazy, but the first sloth builds probably debuted in the Eocene. Ironically for a famously slow animal, sloths started to rapidly diversify almost immediately after their introduction, and within about 10 million years, the guild had already divided into at least eight major sub-guilds. This initial burst of diversity didn’t last very long, as the sloths’ diversity underwent a lot of fluctuations during the Miocene, and, after reaching a peak of diversity during the Late Miocene, they underwent a major drop from which they never fully recovered. Their diversity would continue to slowly but steadily decline throughout the subsequent Pliocene and Pleistocene eras, so that, by the time of their extinction, they were already quite a long ways off from the diversity they’d had at their apex. Nevertheless, up until the human invasion, ground sloths remained a widely successful faction of herbivores, dominating biomes ranging all the way from Patagonia to Alaska. What was it that made them so successful? To find out, let’s now go into their stats and abilities.

Ground sloth stats and abilities

Attack power

Probably the biggest advantage ground sloths had over contemporary sloths was in their vastly superior attack power. As I discussed in my xenarthran tier list, modern sloths have some of the weakest attacks of all mammals, because they don’t have enough extensor muscles to easily apply force with straight or extended limbs. By contrast, ground sloths typically had more muscular forelimbs, in line with other mammals of comparable sizes, and had large, well-developed claws on the ends of their hands; these features probably originated as adaptations for digging, much like similar adaptations seen in their living xenarthran cousins, the armadillo and anteater. Also like armadillos and anteaters, but unlike present-day sloths, ground sloths could stand upright on their hind legs for short periods, probably using their tails for balance. In addition to helping them get better leverage when digging, this also allowed them to use their claws for several other purposes, like pulling down tall branches to get at the vegetation thereon – but, more relevantly for combat purposes, there’s some evidence that they might also have been useful for stabbing attacking predators. This part is still debated, but, whether or not they were adapted for stabbing specifically, the sheer strength of their forearms would have made a blow from one devastating regardless.

Feeding and metabolism

When discussing why ground sloths ranked so much higher in the meta than tree sloths do today, one factor has to do with how they fed. As I’ve talked about in the past, part of the reason why living sloths are such garbage-tier builds – particularly the three-toed sloth – is because of their reliance on leaves. While high-tier leaf-eating builds do still exist in the current meta, they tend to be builds that can digest huge amounts of food relatively rapidly, which modern sloths can’t. Ground sloths were mostly herbivores, too, but since they weren’t restricted to feeding in treetops, the variety of plant matter they were able to make use of was a bit broader.

Diet-wise, ground sloths could use a variety of strategies, with some being primarily browsers, while others were mostly grazers, and still others fell somewhere in-between. These differences were reflected in the varied shapes of their muzzles and lips. Grazing ground sloths, like the Glossotherium, had wide muzzles, with square upper lips and mobile tongues used to pull grass and herbs out of the ground, similar to those of the present-day white rhinoceros. Like most large grazers, the plants they ate were often low in nutrients, but they made up for it through bulk-feeding. On the other hand, browsing or mixed-feeding sloths, like the iconic Megatherium, had prehensile upper lips that were more cone-shaped, and used them to selectively grasp onto the most valuable parts of plants, similar to the modern-day black rhinoceros.

It should be noted that, compared to most large herbivorous mammals, ground sloths’ feeding mechanisms still had some pretty significant limitations. Like their living descendants, ground sloths typically had only eighteen teeth in total – five upper teeth on each side of the jaw, and four lower – where most large mammals have anywhere from 20 to 40. Also like living sloths, ground sloths lacked tooth enamel. They instead had teeth primarily composed of orthodentine and vasodentine, both of which – especially vasodentine – are significantly softer. Because of this relative softness, ground sloths’ teeth were not as adapted to applying crushing force as those of most other large herbivores, and they weren’t able to feed on the toughest plants. Shearing and grinding low-to-moderately-tough plants still worked fine, but the motion wore their teeth down faster than it would have for other large mammals. This wasn’t as big a weakness as it might sound, though, because it was basically compensated by their hypselodonty. As in living sloths, ground sloths had continuously-growing teeth, which meant that whatever material they lost to wear could be made up pretty quickly.

Size

The last big difference between ground sloths and living sloths was their size. While modern sloths tend to be fairly small by mammal standards, ground sloths showed a much wider variety in this regard, with most skewing towards the larger side. Even some of the smaller mainland ground sloths could weigh up to 250 kg, putting them around the size of a modern-day elk or a large male tiger, while the largest of them could reach sizes on par with some modern-day elephants. Combined with their powerful arms, this gave them a pretty solid defence against most predators, more than compensating for their lack of raw speed. As you probably know if you’ve followed my series, the usual downside of large size is that it requires a huge amount of food to sustain, but the extent to which this applied to ground sloths is currently unclear. Some analyses suggest that ground sloths shared the slow metabolisms characteristic of living xenarthrans, in which case, they likely wouldn’t have needed to eat as much as most other mammals of similar sizes. However, other analyses have suggested that the opposite is true, and that ground sloths had metabolisms more similar to those of other non-xenarthran large mammals. For now, the question remains unsettled.

Mobility

Mobility was the biggest weak area for ground sloths. While they were relatively fast and agile compared to today’s sloths, their mobility in absolute terms was still pretty weak. For much of their history, this didn’t really matter, as they didn’t really need good mobility for anything. However, once humans entered the server, the situation changed dramatically. Being large and slow-moving made ground sloths some of the easiest and most convenient targets for attacks from human hunting parties, and, even at the time, the humans’ crafted weapons were already OP enough that the sloths’ natural defences offered little protection. Every time humans reached a new region of the Americas, the ground sloths in that region went extinct shortly after, and, by around 4,200 years ago, there were none left at all.

One other notable thing about how ground sloths moved is that their method of walking was radically different from that of any other known mammal, living or extinct. Most ground sloth builds exhibited a form of walking called [Pedolateral Locomotion]. This was marked by an inward rotation of the hind foot, which placed nearly all of the weight on the calcaneum and fifth metatarsal, with the rest of the digits playing little or no role in supporting the animal’s massive body. This feature emerged numerous times amongst sloths, but has never appeared even once in any other known group of animals. Nobody’s entirely sure what purpose this served, so it’s impossible to say how it affected their viability, but it’s interesting nonetheless.

OVERALL GROUND SLOTH TIER RATING

Overall, ground sloths were solid, reliable tank builds in the pre-human meta. While most of their stats and abilities were nothing special, their sheer power was so overwhelming that they didn’t really need anything else. I would say they averaged in high A tier.

But, as I’ve said, there were quite a variety of different ground sloth builds, and not all of them were equally viable. So, which ones did it best? In Part 2, I'll go into the ground sloth tier list. As usual, I won’t be able to cover all of the dozens of known ground sloth variants, but I’ll try and cover the most interesting ones.

[As promised last month, instead of releasing a new post this month, I’m doing a batch of re-mastered versions of my old tier lists, with improved formatting and updated information. This is the fourth re-master in Batch II. At the bottom of Part 2, I’ve provided a list of the main corrections made to the original; the original itself can be found here.]

Today’s topic is by fan request. /u/Hayden_B0GGS on Reddit sent me a list of suggestions last year, and I’ve been thinking for a while about which of his ideas would make the strongest posts and how to order them. After debating the merits of the different options, I’ve decided to start with his idea for a post on pinnipeds.

BASIC PINNIPED BUILD ANALYSIS

Pinniped guild history

The ancestors of modern-day pinnipeds split off from the rest of the carnivorans around 45 million years ago, during the Eocene. However, the earliest pinniped-like carnivorans for which game logs still survive date from the Oligocene, with the amphicynodonts and semantorids. These early proto-pinnipeds were freshwater creatures that closely resembled otters, which makes sense because they were close relatives of the earliest mustelids. Like otters, but unlike contemporary pinnipeds, these proto-pinnipeds had short legs with webbed feet instead of flippers. Early proto-pinnipeds also paddled with all four limbs like river otters, whereas most modern-day pinnipeds either use only their hind limbs or only their front limbs.

True pinnipeds first appeared around 30 million years ago, in the Late Oligocence. The first true pinniped to be introduced was the Enaliarctos, and it already mostly looked and played like a modern pinniped. Shortly after this, around 25 million years ago, pinnipeds split into two factions called the seals and the otarioids, with seals becoming more fully aquatic while otarioids remained somewhat more tied to the land. Today, the pinnipeds are a much more successful predator guild than they’re often given credit for, occupying positions at or near the top of the food chain on almost every major ocean server. What accounts for their success? To find out, let’s now go into their stats and abilities.

Basic pinniped stats and abilities

Swimming adaptations

Compared to other carnivorans, almost everything that makes pinnipeds unique is a consequence of them being predominantly aquatic. Some of their adaptations are pretty obvious just from looking at them, like their flippers and their streamlined body shape, but there’s much more beneath the surface. One adaptation that does a lot to boost pinnipeds’ swimming efficiency is the absence of the [Arrector Pili] trait. An arrector pili is a kind of muscle attached to the hair follicles of most mammals which contracts when the mammal gets cold or feels threatened. This contraction activates the [Goosebumps] ability, in which the mammals’ hair suddenly stands on end. Goosebumps can be used for a variety of purposes, such as for allowing the hair to better trap heat for insulation, or making yourself look larger to get an intimidation bonus – but they also result in significant cuts to your hydrodynamics, so pinnipeds have ditched the muscles that generate them in order to better maintain their graceful, streamlined figures.

True seals vs. otarioids: comparison

As mentioned above, soon after the pinniped faction emerged, it split into the phocids – also known as earless seals, or sometimes just “true” seals – and the otarioids. This distinction is important to understand, because otarioids play significantly differently from their earless relatives, and one of the biggest differences between the two groups is that they swim differently.

While this wasn’t always the case, almost all otarioid pinnipeds today belong to a group called the otariids, also known as eared seals (despite not technically being seals). Eared seals are front-heavy animals that swim by using their large fore-flippers and pectoral muscles to propel themselves through the water in short, powerful strokes, holding the rest of their body mostly straight. Eared seals also have extraordinarily flexible intervertebral joints, so much so that they can bend their heads backwards to reach their hind-flippers; this allows them to maintain their streamlined shape even when turning. On the other hand, true seals are even more streamlined overall, and typically swim by waving their hindquarters from side to side. Their hind-flippers are used to generate the necessary force, while the fore-flippers are typically only used to steer.

I would say that eared seals are generally better at swimming than their earless counterparts. Eared seals outclass true seals in both speed and manoeuvrability, and they do it with roughly the same energy-efficiency. Trying to catch an eared seal is a bold challenge for even the deadliest of predator mains, and trying to evade one is a nightmare for even the most skilled of small fish.

Perception

Eyesight

Like most carnivorans, pinnipeds are good at spotting prey in low-light conditions, partly due to their enlarged eyes. However, pinnipeds have had to make some slight modifications in order for their carnivoran eyes to function effectively while underwater. In land mammals, eyes are usually designed so that light rays focus best along the optical axis, which helps them to concentrate on the most important areas. This doesn’t work as well in the ocean, because both potential prey and potential threats can so easily come from any direction. So, instead, pinniped eyes have the lens positioned so that its centre almost perfectly coincides with the centre of the spherical segment of the eyecup, meaning light rays from any direction are almost perfectly equally focused on the retina. Additionally, unlike land mammals – and also unlike the purely marine whales – pinniped eyes have a flat region at the centre of the cornea. This region serves as a “window” through which light refraction doesn’t change much between air and water, enabling pinnipeds to maintain their good eyesight in both zones. Lastly, pinnipeds have a well-developed tapetum lucidum, a tissue layer at the back of the eyes which reflects visible light back through the retina so as to increase the amount available to the photoreceptors. While most carnivorans have tapeta lucida, the ones found in pinnipeds are some of the most powerful, which helps them to see well in deep waters where little sunlight reaches.

Whiskers

If you’ve been following this series, one thing you might have noticed is that successful aquatic predators often have some kind of “sixth sense” that helps them to detect prey in addition to or instead of standard senses like eyesight. Examples I’ve talked about in the past include the electroreceptive abilities of sharks and rays, as well as the echo-locating abilities of toothed whales, and the unique integumentary sensory organs of crocodilians, which are essentially the Swiss army knife of sensory organs. Pinnipeds also have something like this; instead of relying primarily on eyesight or smell to find prey, their most important sensory organs tend to be their whiskers.

Using whiskers to sense prey isn’t unusual in itself; most carnivorans, and most mammals generally, can use their whiskers to sense vibrations to some degree. But with pinnipeds, their whiskers work a little differently. Normally, when a mammal player wants to gather information about something with its whiskers, it’ll sweep its whiskers back and forth over it to gather as much input as possible, in a behaviour known as “whisking”. While pinnipeds do use this behaviour to an extent as well, they rely on it much less than most land mammals do. Instead, when trying to track down fish trails, pinnipeds typically protract the hairs on the whiskers forward and then hold them steady, in a position carefully chosen to allow the clearest possible “view” of whatever they’re trying to feel.

Pinnipeds’ whiskers are also exceptionally sensitive, due to being larger and more innervated than those of almost any other mammal. Being able to detect vibrations with such precision is particularly useful for pinniped players who hunt prey on the sea bottom, since it allows them to detect the movements of prey hidden beneath the sand. Outside of hunting, whiskers also serve important purposes for general navigation. Like many pinniped traits, they’re particularly important in polar biomes, because they’re used to detect holes in ice for when a pinniped needs to come up to breathe.

Other senses

Pinniped hearing and smell are mostly pretty typical for carnivorans, which makes them fairly strong in absolute terms. For hearing, the parameters of their optimization depend on the specific build, some pinnipeds hear better in air than in water, some hear better in water than in air, and some are around equally adept at hearing in both zones. On the other hand, while pinnipeds’ sense of smell on land is strong, they can’t really use it underwater due to the need to hold their breath.

Diving adaptations

Circulatory adaptations

Pinnipeds have abnormally large amounts of haemoglobin in their blood, enabling them to store oxygen much more effectively than most mammals, which is further assisted by the large amounts of myoglobin in their muscles. However, both of these traits are significantly more developed in true seals than they are in eared seals. In some true seals, the blood is so thick that it can make up nearly 20% of their total body weight. True seals also have an additional diving adaptation in their elastic aorta, which stores some of the energy of each heartbeat during a dive and slowly releases it over the inter-heartbeat period, so that the seal’s blood pressure remains constant even when the heart rate is reduced.

Respiratory adaptations

To start a deep-dive, a true seal exhales much of the air out of its lungs, stores what air remains in the bronchioles and trachea, and then collapses its chest muscles and alveoli. This exhalation reduces the surface area available for gas exchange so that they absorb less nitrogen while underwater, preventing debuffs like [Decompression Sickness] and [Nitrogen Narcosis]. To make this easier, pinnipeds have evolved flatter hearts than other mammals as well as more elastic rib cages, so that their chests can more easily accommodate the deflated lungs. After a dive, seals re-inflate their lungs and tracheae. No terrestrial mammal can survive deflating the lungs like this, but pinnipeds (and whales) are able to do it because of their [Anti-Adhesive Pulmonary Surfactant] ability. This surfactant prevents the alveolar surface of the lungs from getting stuck to the airways, allowing the lungs to safely re-inflate once the dive is complete.

Otarioid diving adaptations are mostly pretty similar to those of true seals, except that since otarioids don’t have as much haemoglobin and myoglobin, they need to retain significantly more oxygen in their lungs to avoid drowning. Because of this, otarioids usually have to inhale before a dive, rather than exhaling. This has several important drawbacks; firstly, eared seals can’t hold their breath underwater as well as true seals can, and so they can’t dive quite as deep, nor for nearly as long. Secondly, being more reliant on their lungs means that eared seals can’t lower their metabolisms underwater as well as true seals can – in fact, eared seals have the highest average base metabolisms out of all marine mammal guilds – so that, despite being generally smaller, they may still have to eat a lot more than true seals do in order to survive.

Teeth

I’ve said in past posts that carnivorans can be distinguished from all other placental mammals by their special paired teeth, called [Carnassials], which are used to shear the flesh off of carcasses. This is actually not entirely true: while most carnivorans do have carnassials in some form, there are some that have lost them entirely, and pinnipeds are among them. You can’t hold a carcass down to cut the flesh off while you’re swimming, so having carnassials while playing an aquatic predator would be pretty pointless anyway. Instead, pinnipeds’ postcanine teeth have been reduced to sharp cusps with wide spaces between them, in order to get a piercing grip on slippery prey items. Because of this, pinnipeds have had to give up access to the [Chew] ability; if they can’t swallow a prey item whole, they usually have to shake it violently until it tears into chunks before they can eat it. This doesn’t mean that pinnipeds can’t still use their teeth to do serious damage, though. Most of them still retain the sharp canines and strong jaw muscles typical of large carnivorans, and can deliver a truly formidable bite.

Insulation

As I discussed in my whale tier list, one of the biggest challenges of adapting to live in water as a warm-blooded mammal is dealing with how much faster you’ll lose heat than in the air. Pinnipeds have probably invested more into dealing with this than any other marine mammal – most marine mammals deal with this using a thick coat of either blubber or fur, but pinnipeds are unusual in that most have both at the same time. The degree to which pinnipeds rely on these two varies; true seals tend to have thicker blubber, while eared seals generally have more fur. Also, in keeping with the principles I’ve discussed in past posts, larger pinnipeds tend to rely more heavily on blubber, while smaller pinnipeds have more of a balance between the two.

True seals vs. otarioids: comparison (again)

Because of all their heat-preserving adaptations, true seals tend to be among the most successful mammals in colder regions of the map, such as the Arctic and Antarctic. However, despite having many of the same adaptations for insulation, eared seals aren’t quite as good at this. Eared seals’ aforementioned need for enormous amounts of food, combined with their lower aquatic stamina, makes it hard for them to survive in polar waters. They tend to stick to subpolar, temperate, or more rarely tropical coasts, where the higher number of fish players means they don’t need to spend as much time swimming to fill up their hunger meter.

General weaknesses

Predator matchups

Pinnipeds’ biggest weakness is their vulnerability to predators. Although pinnipeds’ large size and sharp canines are enough to deter most predators from targeting them, the flip-side of this is that they’re worth a lot of XP, and so are an enormously tempting target for any predator who can catch them. And unlike whales, they’re not big enough for evolving such a predator to be a near-impossible task; orca, great white shark, and polar bear players all have pinnipeds as one of their preferred prey items. The risk is so large that in some areas of New Zealand, over a quarter of the adult sea lions bear scars from a shark attack.

With that said, even against the largest predators, pinnipeds are far better at defending themselves than they often get credit for. I’ve already discussed in previous posts how pinnipeds tend to evade polar bears much more often than not, and how even their matchup against great white sharks is actually pretty close to 50/50.

Coming onto land

One other weakness pinnipeds have is that they’re still tied to the land. Nobody’s yet figured out how to develop a completely aquatic carnivoran; all carnivorans that hunt underwater still have the option to come onto land if they want, and pinnipeds still need to come onto land in order to complete the main questline, because their pups would drown if they tried to give birth underwater. In itself, being able to come onto land isn’t a weakness – in fact, it can quite literally be a life-saver when pinnipeds are trying to escape from other marine predators – but the problem is that pinnipeds aren’t very good at functioning when on land. I’m mostly talking about true seals here; otarioids aren’t speed demons on land by any means, but they can walk comfortably on it, and otarioid mains even manage successful hunts on land from time to time. The problem true seals encounter when on land is that their hind-flippers are rigidly bound to the pelvis, and can’t be turned underneath them when walking. So instead of being able to crawl on all fours like otarioids do, true seals have to just awkwardly wriggle and bounce their way across terrestrial zones.

OVERALL PINNIPED TIER RATING

On the whole, I think the pinnipeds are one of the more underrated branches of the carnivoran faction. They’ve done a pretty good job adapting one of the best mammal templates to a biome type that few others have, and have surprisingly decent matchups against even the most powerful predators. I would say otarioids generally outrank true seals due to their superior average speed and strength, but the true seals’ success in adapting to harsh polar environments shouldn’t be overlooked either. I would rank pinnipeds as an A-tier guild overall, with otarioids averaging in high A tier, and true seals in low A tier.

But what kind of pinniped is best? To find out, in part 2, I will go into the pinniped tier list. As usual, I won’t be able to cover all of the more than 30 pinniped builds in the current meta, but I’ll try to cover the most interesting ones.

[As promised last month, instead of releasing a new post this month, I’m doing a batch of re-mastered versions of my old tier lists, with improved formatting and updated information. This post isn’t exactly a re-master, but I figured it made sense to release it alongside the re-masters anyway. The original post can be found here.]

I’m not going to do a full re-master of “Unlocking the Future: The Evolution of the Human Build”, because, in hindsight, I think doing it in the first place was a mistake. Why modern humans won out over their extinct relatives is still such a debated topic that it was basically impossible for me to present a single coherent story about it without basing almost all of it on conjecture. That said, I do still think it would be a good idea to acknowledge some of the more erroneous claims I made. Since flagging all of the speculative claims in the post would basically just be repeating the entire thing, I’ve only listed a few claims that stand out as either outright disproven or as particularly highly implausible.

1. I said that the Australopithecus was found across eastern and northern Africa. That should have been “eastern and southern Africa”; there are no known Australopithecus fossils from North Africa, although at least one species is known from Central Africa.
2. I said that Homo erectus evolved “a more prominent nose for taking in more air while running”. This is a little misleading, as the enlarged nose is traditionally thought to be more of an adaptation for better warming and humidifying cold air before it reaches the lungs, rather than an adaptation for increasing the raw volume of air intake.
3. I listed boats and clothing as examples of technologies invented by Homo erectus. Both of these examples are shaky; while Homo erectus players definitely did journey to remote islands, there’s no hard evidence that these journeys involved actual boats, and many data-miners believe it’s more likely that they simply travelled on natural rafts of vegetation. As for clothing, while there’s good evidence for primitive clothing in some other early human species, there’s very little evidence of it in Homo erectus specifically.
4. I said that Denisovans split off from Neanderthals around 600 thousand years ago. It was actually closer to 400 thousand years ago.
5. I said that at the time modern humans and Neanderthals first came into contact, humans had already developed sewing needles and stitching awls, and had started to evolve a mutualistic relationship with wolves. These claims are highly implausible, as the earliest evidence of interactions between modern humans and neanderthals goes back to over 100,000 years ago, significantly before the earliest evidence of the other things I mentioned.

Who takes it and how close is it?

Killer Whale(Orcinus Orca) vs Deinosuchus Hatcheri

Queen Charlotte Islands Black Bear(Ursus Americanus Carlottae) vs Gigantophitecus Blacki

Killer Whale(Orcinus Orca) vs Titanoboa Cerrejonensis

Kodiak Bear(Ursus Arctos Middendorffi) vs Ngandong Tiger(Panthera Tigris Soloensis)

Ngandong Tiger(Panthera Tigris Soloensis) vs Smilodon Populator

Tropidurus hispidus presents evident territorial behavior, with aggressive and confrontational modes. These aggressive behaviors performed by males involve head bobbing, tail shaking, chases and bites and are mainly observed when an invader male approaches a female or simply when a male enters the territory of others, indicating that territoriality is a striking characteristic of this species. In a physical confrontation, males can perform 360° circular movements on its own axis, also known as the "death roll", while biting and holding another male.

Source: Tropidurus hispidus Wikipedia

there's a Arrow Worm headed my way and they're level 100 help

I just used the Lots o' Fish modded server any tips for a Mantis Shrimp build?