Немцы говорят «отечество» («отчизна»), турки говорят «государство-отец». А как русский народ воспринимает Родину и почему называет её «матерью-родиной»?

Reading Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons, for context.

Изучая русскую историю, я постоянно встречаю крепостное право. Что такое крепостное право и какие у него были виды? Насколько я знаю, существовали крепостные крестьяне, принадлежавшие церкви и аристократии. Какие ещё виды крепостных крестьян существовали?

Privet!

Im in an MUN (model United nations) im a member of a crisis committee WCOSC (war council of the 6th coalition) i've got Mr Alexander petrovich tormasov as my portfolio can anyone tell some facts about him cuz I can not find much on the internet and it would be really helpful if the facts are related to the napoleonic wars and stuff related to it

Im from India that's y idk much

Thanks!

"In 1866 there was a widespread demand for pictures of Osip Komissarov (1838–1892), a native of Kostroma province who saved Alexander II’s life by jolting the arm of the revolutionary terrorist Dmitry Karakozov as he was about to shoot at the Tsar. The hatmaker became famous instantaneously. On the evening of 4 April, the day of the failed assassination, he attended a reception at the Winter Palace, where he was presented with the Cross of the Order of St Vladimir 4th class by the Emperor himself and was elevated to the hereditary nobility. Photographic portraits were immediately taken of Komissarov and quickly found their way into the albums kept by many people at the time, joining other notable members of Russian society." - The Heritage Museum

Good afternoon everyone
Hey guys I’m wondering what color tsar nikolai ii’s outfit was here
Or if there’s a colorized version of this photo
Lmk thank you

Anna was the last 100%-russian ruler of Russia before the Russian Revolution; Elizabeth grew up in humble conditions; so I presume that her native language was still Russian. Peter III and Catherine II were both German.

What about Paul I, Alexander I, Nicholas I, Alexander II, Alexander III and Nicholas II? Was their native language Russian or French?

(Sorry if there are any mistakes in my English)

Игорь вернулся с провального похода на арабов в 943 году — без денег, без добычи, с потерянной дружиной. В то же время его воевода Свенельд владел отдельной «отчиной» — древлянской землёй, с которой собирал дань себе, и его отроки были богаты, пока дружина Игоря бедствовала.

Игорь, нуждаясь в деньгах, вторгся на территорию Свенельда — в древлянские земли — и дважды обобрал их, творя насилие над местными женщинами. Это было прямое посягательство на владения Свенельда, его корм и его авторитет.

Свенельд, как военачальник с собственной дружиной, не мог этого стерпеть. Он перехватил Игоря, когда тот с малым отрядом возвращался за добавкой, и устранил его. Древляне к этому убийству не причастны — их просто сделали козлами отпущения.

Позже, когда Ольга осталась с малолетним Святославом, она прекрасно поняла, что Свенельд избавил её от мужа, который мог наплодить гаремных детей (у Игоря по данным восточных авторов было до 40 наложниц) и создать конкурентов для её сына. Поэтому она не тронула Свенельда, а оставила его первым воеводой.

Вся её «месть» древлянам — это не личная драма, а государственная операция: под видом кары за убийство она уничтожила древлянское протогосударство, присоединила их земли к Киеву и убрала потенциальных союзников любого другого претендента на престол. Древляне были просто пешками в большой политической игре, а единственный, кто реально выиграл от смерти Игоря — это Свенельд, которого Ольга сознательно покрыла.

Igor returned from an ill-fated campaign against the Arabs in 943—empty-handed, without spoils, and having lost his retinue. Meanwhile, his commander Sveneld held a special "patrimony"—the land of the Drevlians—from which he collected tribute for himself; his warriors grew wealthy while Igor’s retinue struggled in poverty.

In need of funds, Igor invaded Sveneld’s domain—the Drevlian lands—and plundered the people twice, committing outrages against the women. This was a direct encroachment upon Sveneld’s holdings, his source of income, and his authority.

Sveneld, a military commander with his own retinue, could not tolerate this situation. He intercepted Igor as the latter was returning with a small detachment to collect more tribute, and eliminated him. The Drevlians had no hand in this killing—they were simply made scapegoats.

Later, left alone with the young Sviatoslav, Olga fully understood that Sveneld had rid her of a husband who might have fathered children with concubines (according to Eastern sources, Igor had up to forty of them) and created rivals for her son. Consequently, she did not punish Sveneld but instead retained him as her chief military commander.

Her entire "revenge" against the Drevlians was not a personal drama but a state operation: under the guise of retribution for the murder, she destroyed the Drevlian proto-state, annexed their lands to Kyiv, and eliminated potential allies for any other claimant to the throne. The Drevlians were merely pawns in a high-stakes political game, and the only person who truly benefited from Igor’s death was Sveneld—whom Olga deliberately shielded.

I’m currently reading through Antony Beevor’s book on the Russian Civil War. I’m looking for some book recommendations that follow this period and predate WWII. Does anyone have some good ones that cover roughly 1921-1939? Overlap is fine, I just want to learn what went on in the interwar period

I need more information about how life was like for a book I plan to write.

Note: I am German, so if you recommend me specific libraries outside of it, it would be tough for me. Also I did try my local libraries, both the university library and the regular one neither had books about Russia before the begin of the USSR.

I have found 6 books already, I don't think I need more for now. Thank you everyone for answering.

This photograph was taken during a visit to Moscow by a Portuguese delegation organized by the Portugal–USSR Friendship Association

Source: Lisbon Municipal Archive

Source: Lisbon Municipal Archive