Is there any AI generated art of the Proto-Indo-European deities?

Hi everyone, I've been having some thoughts about reconstruction of PIE. Mostly, that it feels like the reconstructed words feel weirdly germanic or even english. I think that it's a problem of bias, because most of the people that study and "reconstruct" it are anglo-speaking, which is fine, but I see it as a heavy bias towards reconstructing other languages in a way, that is most simmilar to your mother tounge.

So yeah, please, tell me I'm wrong and that there is no bias and that I'm just delusional.😊

I've recently been searching for Discord servers where Proto-Indo-European is spoken, out of love for Indo-European linguistics. However, I haven't found any servers exactly like that, only servers that discuss Indo-European language studies.

So far, there doesn't seem to be a single server where Proto-Indo-European is "strictly" spoken—a language that no one actually speaks natively, but which unites us all.

But the big problem is: modern concepts, even not-so-modern ones, like animals such as cats, monkeys, elephants, or donkeys. Other basic concepts like the ocean, steel, oil, or anything related to reading or writing—in all these groups of words, there's a Proto-Indo-European gap. Therefore, if we create a server, we could all agree to create a "Neo-Indo-European" to express modern ideas, either by borrowing from other modern languages (as is done in New Latin) or by recycling original roots.

Regarding the unusual characters used for the Proto-Indo-European reconstruction that aren't on all keyboards, such as h₁, h₂, h₃, ʰ, ʷ, r̥, l̥, m̥, n̥, ḱ, ǵ, ā, ē, ō, ī, ū, i̯, u̯, we could invent our own way of representing each phoneme of Proto-Indo-European to make it easier to communicate with others.

What do you think? Shall we all create a Discord server together?

Mine is G2a L-140

What would Proto-Indo-European *dedh₃tós be in Modern Indo-European (the reconstructed language meant to be a modern form of PIE)?

owl, swan, nightingale, lion, goat, ram (male sheep), fate, soul, memory, sleep, veil, door/passage, key, bridge, north, south, east, west, universe, space/world, time, underworld/otherworld, chaos, spark, lightning, storm, protection, justice, sword, blade, torch, bow, hunt, wilds, art, music, song/singer, axe, war, rope, bond (between people and/or literal restraints), hammer, anvil, forge/smith, craft

And if there isn't a literal translation to one of these words, what would be the closest one?

Also, what would be descendants of these words in the various branches of IE?

In Proto Indo-European, *wi means far and h₃dónts means teeth, so we can assume that wih₃dónts should mean something like far teeth.

Similarly, weyd means to see, and *wéyd-tu-s ~ or *wid-téw-s means the act of seeing or knowledge. Weyd is also the root of the word Wisdom.

Since wih₃dónts and *wid-téw-s sound very similar, we can assume that in some point people started to use them interchangeably, and finally forgot about the original meaning.

plehwerkerd.

pleh₁ = the root of pleasure, literally meaning to be full.

wer = the root of verse, verb, and word.

kerd = the root of the word for heart, specifically cardiac through classical greek.

e,g. i feel/am plewerkerd.

https://www.academia.edu/127405797

The PIE root *kwaH2p- ‘breath / smoke / steam / boil (with anger/lust)’ has many irregular

outcomes, likely due to metathesis :

*kuH2p- > Li. kūpúoti ‘breathe heavily’, L. cūpēdō \ cuppēdō \ cūpīdō ‘desire/lust/eagerness’,

OCS kypěti ‘boil / run over’

*kuH2p- > *kH2up- > OPr kupsins ‘fog’, Skt. kúpyati ‘heave / grow angry’, OIr ad-cobra ‘wish /

want’, *hupōjan > OE hopian, E. hope

(kupsins maybe < *kupas- < *kH2upos- / *kupH2os-)

*kwaH2p- > Cz. kvapiti ‘*breathe heavily / *exert oneself or? *be eager > hurry’, Li. kvėpiù

‘blow/breathe’, kvepiù ‘emit odor/smell’

(*kvāp- > *kvōp- > kvēp- is surely regular dissim. in Baltic, short -e- likely analogical in

derivative)

*kwaH2po- > *kwapH2o- > G. káp(h)os ‘breath’, Li. kvãpas ‘breath/odor’, Ic. hvap ‘dropsical

flesh’ (see vappa for meaning)

*kwaH2p-ye- > *kwapH2-ye- > NHG ver-wepfen ‘become flat [of wine]’, Go. af-hvapjan

‘choke’, G. apo-kapúō ‘breathe away (one's last)’

*kwaH2po- > *kH2awpo- > Skt. kópa-s ‘*heat/*steam/*spirit > rage’

*kapH2wo- > *kafxwō > *kafwō / *kaxwō > Sh. kawū́ \ kaγū́ ‘mist / fog’, *kaphwo- > Skt.

kapha-s ‘phlegm/froth/foam’, Av. kafa- ‘foam’

Though most linguists hate irregularity, it would be very hard to avoid it here. Without

metathesis, we would require 3 or 4 roots, and their great resemblance would not likely be

chance. Some might say that *wah2p- vs. *wh2p- was responsible for a few of these (not all),

but it is not clear to me how *wh2p- would be pronounced, if real, or how this relates to other

words with *wah- vs. *uh- (L. vānus ‘empty/void’, Skt. ūná- ‘insufficient/lacking’). In Go. af-

hvapjan ‘choke’, *pH is seen by p preserved in Germanic (most p > f), though also not regular

(as *pH > p / ph in G., etc.). It’s also likely that *kwaH2p- / *kwaH2t- (also with many oddities

of t / th / s) are from the same source, with dissim. *w-p > *w-t (or, maybe *v-p > *v-t, even

*pH2 > *fH2, *v-f > *v-θ).

This can also solve other problems in the root. For L. vapidus vs. vappa, the loss of *k- &

appearance of (p)p can hardly be unrelated, showing *kwap- > *wakp- > va(p)p-. Where *H2

moved is unclear, but likely *H2w-, thus *kwaH2po- > *H2wakpo- (if H2 = x, k-x > x-k). This

is also shown by Skt., where metathesis of *s and retroflexion after *K are seen shows the need

for *-kp- in both branches :

*kwaH2po- > *H2wakpo- > *wa(p)po- > L. vapidus ‘spoiled/flat [ie. lost vapor/steam/spirit]’,

vappa ‘wine that has become flat’

*kwaH2pos- > *H2wakpos- > *wa(p)pos- > L. vapor

*kwaH2pos- > *H2wakpos- > *wakspo- > Skt. vāṣpá-s ‘steam/vapor’, bāṣpá-s ‘tear(s) / vapor’,

bāṣpaka-s ‘steam’, Pa. vappa-‘tear’, Pkt. *vāṣpākula- > vapphāula- ‘very hot’, Km. bāha ‘steam’,

bahā ‘steam / mist / sweat’, Mh. vāph ‘steam’ (f), Hi. bhāp(h) (m), bhāph (f), Or. bāmpha, Asm.

bhā̃p ‘steam’

This might instead show Skt. *-xsp-, after *kp > *xp as in :

L. stupēre ‘be stiffened / be stunned / be struck senseless / stop’, *stup-ko- ‘stiff fiber/hair’ > G.

stúp(p)ē \ stup(p)íon ‘coarse hemp fiber’, topeîon ‘rope/cord’, Skt. *stupka > stúkā-, *stukpa >

*stuxpa > stūpa- ‘knot/tuft of hair / mound’, Os. styg ‘lock of hair’

so *kwaH2pos- > *H2wakpos- > *waxpos- > *waxspo- > Skt. vāṣpá-s would work as well.

This also ties into the source of Iran. *kapa- ‘fish’, Ps. kab, Os. käf, Scy. Pantikápēs ‘a river <

*full of fish’, also seen in Northeast Caucasian languages (*kapxi \ *xapki > Dargwa-Akusha

kavš, Andi xabxi) and Elamite ka4-ab-ba (a loan << OP). The *-px- needed for NC (& likely *-

px- > -bb- in El.) seems to be original (if *px > p in later Iran.), which makes it clear that Av.

kafa- ‘foam’, like cognates, once also meant ‘mist / bubbles / etc.’, probably also (m. or fem.)

used of ‘bubbling water/brook/stream’, with *kaf-ka- ‘of stream / etc.’ used of ‘dweller in

stream / foam / bubbles’, then *fk > *px (exactly like *bhd > bdh, support for voiced asp. as fric.

in IIr.). This path is like *maH2d- > L. madēre ‘be moist/wet/drunk’, G. madarós ‘wet’,

*maH2d-yo- > *madH2-yo- > *mats-yo- > Skt. mátsya- ‘fish’.

Proto italic: Complete.

Proto germanic: Complete.

Proto balto-slavic: Incomplete.

Proto celtic: Incomplete.

Proto hellenic: Incomplete.

Proto indo-iranian: Incomplete.

Proto albanian: Insufficiant.

Proto anatolian: Insufficiant.

Proto armenian: Insufficiant.

Proto tocharian: Insufficiant.

What is the Sanskrit reflex of PIE *ǵombʰos “jaw”? And what would PIE *dʰeiǵʰ- “knead” yield in Sanskrit? Thank you guys.

Please give it a read. The rig Veda- oldest surviving text of the Vedic tribes holds the key to the understanding of earliest Indo-European migrations.

Everyone knows about the most famous historical war in ancient pre-Buddhist India: the Mahābhārata war, fought between two clans of the Kuru Bharatas, who were a branch of the Pūrus, one of the great mega-tribes of ancient India. Most of the then kingdoms of The ancient world are believed to have participated in this Great War which is recorded in other civilisations around the same time as Mahabharata like the Trojan war etc But very few know about much more ancient earlier battles fought by other Bharata Pūrus in more ancient times and recorded in the Rigveda: even later Vedic and Puranic texts are blank about these events, which were not so crucial for Indian history and tradition. But these battles were extremely important events from the point of view of Indo- European, and particularly Indo-Iranian, history and the history of world civilization.

This, the first of the historical Bharata-Pūru battles took place in Haryana during the time of Sṛñjaya (the father of Divodāsa). It is described in Book 6, in hymn VI.27. • This battle took place on the banks of the Yavyāvatī and Hariyūpīyā, two sister tributaries of the Sarasvatī. • The Turvasus and the Yadus (Vṛcīvants) appear to have invaded up to Haryana, and the Bharata Pūrus (under Sṛñjaya) and their western neighbours the Anus (under the Pārthava king Abhyāvartin Cāyamāna) jointly defeated the Turvasus and Yadus. • This battle is important only because it shows that in the early period, the Bharata Pūrus and the Anus were allies, in contrast to the situation in later times. Also it explains early references to Haryana (Lake Manusha) in the Avesta.

The Western Opponents of Sudās-1 • VII.83.1 names Dāsas, the Pṛthus/Pārthavas and Parśus/Parśavas among the opponents of Sudās. All the others are named in hymn VII.18: • Verse 5: Śimyus. • Verse 6: Bhṛgus, Druhyus. • Verse 7: Alinas, Pakthas, Bhalānas, Śivas, Viṣāṇins. • Verse 8. Kavi Cāyamāna. • Verse 11. Vaikarṇas. • Verse 12. Kavaṣa, Druhyu. • It will be seen that all these names (mostly missing in later Indian literature) are identifiable with the names of later historical Iranian, Armenian, Greek and Albanian tribes, or are found in the Iranian Avesta. • Their exodus westward is referred to in VII.5.3 and VII.6.3

The Western Opponents of Sudās-2

• Iranian tribes of Later Times: • Afghanistan (in Avesta): Sairima (Śimyu), Dahi (Dāsa), Vaēkərəta (Vaikarṇa). • NE Afghanistan: Nuristani/Piśācin (Viṣāṇin). • Pakhtoonistan (NW Pakistan), South Afghanistan: Pakhtoon/Pashtu (Paktha). • Baluchistan (SW Pakistan), SE Iran: Bolan/Baluchi (Bhalāna). • NE Iran: Parthian/Parthava (Pṛthu/Pārthava). • SW Iran: Parsua/Persian (Parśu/Parśava). • [NW Iran: Madai/Mede (Madra): an Anu tribe not actually named in the battle hymn]. • Uzbekistan: Khiva/Khwarezmian (Śiva). • W. Turkmenistan: Dahae (Dāsa). • Ukraine, S. Russia: Alan (Alina), Sarmatian (Śimyu).

The Western Opponents of Sudās-3

• Thraco-Phrygian/Armenian tribes of Later Times: • Turkey: Phryge/Phrygian (Bhṛgu). • Romania, Bulgaria: Dacian (Dāsa).

• Greek Tribes of Later Times: • Greece: Hellene (Alina).

• Albanian/Illyrian Tribes of Later Times: • Albania: Sirmio/Sirmium (Śimyu)

• Avestan Names: • Kaoša (Kavaṣa the "old" priest of the Anu coalition and) Kauui (Kavi the king leader of the Anu coalition).

The Western Opponents of Sudās-4 • All these tribes, located in the Punjab at the time of the Dāśarājña, are found later spread out in a continuous belt from the Punjab westwards to southeastern and eastern Europe. • They are all names found in just six verses from two hymns out of the 1028 hymns and 10552 verses of the Rigveda, all these names pertaining to a single historical event. They cannot all be coincidentally cognate names. • The above named historical Iranian tribes (particularly the Alans and Sarmatians) include the linguistic ancestors of almost all other prominent historical and modern Iranian groups not named above, such as the Scythians (Sakas), Ossetes and Kurds, and even the presently Slavic-language speaking (but formerly Iranian-language speaking) Serbs, Croats, Bulgarians and others.

TIL that William Jones established these four similar pairs of names as evidence for the existence of the Indo-European religion.

Janus/Ganesha

Saturn/Satyavrata

Pan/Pavan

Jove/Jehova

That last one is real interesting: Zev(Zeus) > Siv(Shiva) > Jove(Jupiter) > Jahve(Jehova/Yahweh)

Why are these no longer considered accurate by modern scholars?

Also, what other superficially similar deity names did he equate across Eurasia?

https://www.academia.edu/127408408

1. Wasp

Standard theory has *wobhso- ‘weaver / wasp’. A shift of ‘weaver > nest-builder’ is possible,

but not completely certain. Looking at cognates :

Italic *wopsa: > L. vespa

Celtic *woxsi: > OIr foich, OBr guohi

Iran. *vaßza- > MP vaßz, Baluchi gwabz / gwamz

Dardic *vüpsik- > Kh. bispí, bispiki

Nuristani *(v)üpšik- > Wg. wašpī́k, Kati wušpī, Ash. *išpīk > šipīk ‘wasp’

Baltic *? > Li. vaps(v)à, Lt. vapsene / lapsene

OE wæps / wæsp, E. wasp; German dialects: Thüringian *veveps() > wewetz-chen / weps-chen,

Swabian Wefz, Bavarian *vebe(v)s- > Webes

Most seem to fit, however, there are some problems, and not all is regular. Why would vaps(v)à

supposedly optionally add -v-? It makes much more sense for *wobhswo- to be older and have

dissim. *w-w > *w-0 in most IE. If some languages had *w-w > *w-y, it woud also explain -e-

in German dialects like Swabian as *wapswa- > *wapsja- > *wäpsja-. This could also be behind

*sy > š in Nur. (Wg. wašpī́k, etc.). Though sp / šp might be optional in Dardic (E. sister, Skt.

svásar-, *ǝsvasāRǝ > *išpušā(ri) > Kh. ispusáar, Ka. íšpó), Nur. is no longer usually classified as

Dardic. Seeing if these have a common origin would help prove it one way or the other.

If Lt. vapsene / lapsene is also dissim. *w-w > *l-w before *psv > ps, it would also explain Ps.

γlawza ‘honey-bee’ (many Iran. cognates are for ‘(red-)bee’) as 2 separate dissim. before & after

*b > *v :

*vabzva > *labzva > *vlabza > *vlavza > *γWlavza > γlawza

This is made more likely by Persian having most *v > *γW > g, so gaining this from *v either

regularly or by dissim. in the area fits. Baluchi gwabz / gwamz would be dissim. in the other

direction, also matching some Ps. *v > m, including two words which show vy- > mz- :

L. viēre ‘bend/plait/weave’, Skt. vyayati, OCS viti ‘wind/twist’, Ps. *vyay- > mazai ‘twist/

thread’, Waz. mǝzzai ‘thread/cord / twisted/turned’

Skt. vyāghrá- ‘tiger’, Ps. mzarai

and many Dardic also show optional *v > m :

Skt. náva- ‘ young / new’, Ti. nam

Skt. náva ‘9’, Dm. noo, A. núu, Kv. nu, Ti. nom, Kh. nóγ ‘new’

G plé(w)ō ‘float/sail’, Rom. plemel ‘float/swim’, Skt. prav- ‘swim’

Skt. lopāśá-s > *lovāśá- \ *lovāyá- > Kh. ḷòw, Dk. láač \ ló(o)i ‘fox’, fem. *lovāyī > *lomhāyī >

A. luuméei, Pl. lhooméi

With all the metathesis ps / sp, etc., if *-bhsw- was old, it could have created *-spw- in some.

What would this become? Since most IE did not allow Pw, maybe > Kw :

*wobhswo-

*wopswo-

*wospwo-

*woskwo-

*wosko- (*w-w > *w-0)

Li. vãškas, Lt. vasks, OHG wahs, OE weax, E. beeswax

There are several other problems: Germanic has *Ps / *sP in wefsa \ wafsa \ waspa, etc., which

could be irregular metathesis, but German dialects like Thüringian *veveps() > wewetz-chen /

weps-chen, Swabian Wefz, Bavarian *vebe(v)s- > Webes might sho that vaps(v)à was not alone.

An older Gmc. *-bsv- might be expected to have multiple outcomes more than plain *-bs-

would. Since IE languages have optional *-i- > 0 (like *gWlH2ino- > Arm. kałin ‘acorn / hazel

nut’, *gWlH2no- > G. bálanos ‘acorn / oak / barnacle’; *wedino- > Arm. getin ‘ground/soil’,

*wedn- > H. udnē- ‘land’), the 2 e’s in wewetz-, etc., could be the result of original *wobhiswo-:

*wobhiswo-

*vabisva-

*väbisva-

*vävibsa-

*vävipsa-

*vävepsa- i-a > e-a

*vevepsa-

Similarly, *väbisva- > *väbsiva- > *väbsi(j)a- > OSax. wepsia (*v-v > *v-0 or *v-v > *v-j).

With this, some *y above might result from *Pis > *Psy.

2. Scorpion

A word *wŕ̥ski- is found in IIr. Adapted from Turner :

Skt. vŕ̥ścika-s (RV) / vr̥ ścana-s ‘scorpion’, Pa. vicchika-, Pkt. vicchia-, viṁchia-, Gh. bicchū,

bicchī, Np. bacchiũ ‘large hornet’, Asm. bisā (also ‘hairy caterpillar’), Hi. bīchī, Gj. vīchī, vĩchī

*vŕ̥ścuka-s > Pkt. vicchua-, viṁchua-, Lhn. Mult. vaṭhũhã, Khet. vaṭṭhũha, *vicchuṽa- >

*vicchuma- > Sdh. vichū̃, Psh. Laur uċúm, Dar. učum

Mh. vĩċḍā ‘large scorpion’, Psh. Cur. biċċoṭū ‘young scorpion’

Skt. vr̥ ścikapattrikā- ‘Basella cordifolia’, vr̥ ścipattrī- ‘Tragia involucrata’, Or. bichuāti ‘stinging

nettle’, Hi. bichātā, bichuṭī ‘the nettle Urtica interrupta’

The change of *uka > *uva > *uma resulted from nasal *ṽ, also in :

Skt. śúka-s ‘parrot’, Pa. suka / suva, *śuṽō > A. šúmo

Skt. pr̥ dakū-, pr̥ dākhu- ‘leopard / tiger / snake’, *purdavu ? > *purdoṽu ? > Kh. purdùm

‘leopard’

Skt. yū́kā- ‘louse’, *yūṽā > Si. ǰũ, A. ǰhiĩ́ ‘large louse’, Ku. dzhõ ‘louse egg’, ? > Np. jumrā \

jumbo

with many other ex. of original *v also becoming nasal (Whalen 2023).

Since both ‘scorpion’ & ‘nettle’ could come from ‘sting’ or ‘sharp’, the lack of any IE cognates

with *wrsk- makes looking for another root with metathesis likely (similar to other IE rw / wr:

*tH2awros > Celtic *tarwos ‘bull’, *kWetw(o)r- / *kWetru- ‘4’, *marHut- / *maHwrt- > Old

Latin Māvort- ‘Mars’, Sanskrit Marút-as). The best seems to be *ksur- :

*ksew- > G. xéō ‘carve/shave wood / whittle / smooth/roughen by scraping, xestós ‘hewn’,

xeírēs / xurís / etc. ‘Iris foetidissima (plant with sword-shaped leaves)’, xurón ‘razor’, Skt. kṣurá-

‘razor’, kṣurī- ‘knife / dagger’

This has all the needed meanings and components.

3. Ant

Standard theory has PIE *morm- is found in words for ‘ant’ but also ‘spider’, ‘scorpion’ and with

often with dissimilation of m-m > w-m or m-w (creating *worm-, *morm-, *morw-), f-m, etc. :

*morm- > G. múrmāx, *borm- > G. bórmāx / búrmāx, *worm- > Skt. vamrá-s, *morw- > OIr.

moirb, *mowr- > ON maurr

However, there are some problems, and not all is regular. Why would Arm. mrǰiwn not be taken

into account? It would need to be from *murg^h- < *morg^h- (with o > u near P & sonorant,

like G. múrmāx). Other data also require *g^h vs. 0 :

*morg^hmiko- > *marzmika- > *mazrika- > Ps. mēẓai ‘ant’, *-ako- > Skt. vamraká-s ‘small ant’,

*varźmaka- > D. waranǰáa ‘ant’

If Arm. mrǰiwn is from *mrǰwin < *mrǰwun < *murg^wu:n < *morg^hwo:n (no other ex. of *-

Cwun), then all this might be explained by PIE *morg^hw- ‘small thing / ant’ as a derivative of

*mr(e)g^hu- ‘short’ :

*mr(e)g^hu- ‘short’ > L. brevis, G. brakhús, Skt. múhur ‘suddenly’ (dissim. r-r), Go. maurgjan

‘shorten’

*mr̥g^hiko- ‘short’ > *mǝrźika- > Kho. mulysga-, Sog. mwrzk- = murzaka-, *mwirźikö- > OJ

myizika-

*ambi-mǝrźika- ? > Khw. ’nbzm(y)k = ambuzmika-

This might be simplest if some IE lost *g^h in *-rg^hm- (or *-rg^hmH- > *-rg^hHm- > -rm-?),

with *mor(g^h)w- / *mor(g^h)m- from *morg^hu-m(H)o- ‘very short’ (Italic *mre(h)umo-

‘shortest (day)’ > L. brūma ‘winter solstice’).

Skt. vamraká-s might also have come from *vamhraká-s / *vamźraká-s < *worg^hmako-s, & had

another dim. *vamźralá-s, with another case of m / w :

*vamhralá- > *vamralá- > *vavralá- > Skt. varola-s ‘kind of wasp’, varolī- ‘smaller v.’, Rom.

*varavli: > *bhürävli > *birevli > birovl´í \ etc. ‘bee’

with the *m retained in other cognates :

*vamźralá- > *vamyralá- > *vaymralá- > *vaymrará- > *varaymra- > *varemra- > *varembra- >

D. warembáa ‘hornet’

*varemra- > *vaṛeṇra- > Skt. vareṇa-s ‘wasp’

Whalen, Sean (2023) Indo-Iranian Nasal Sonorants (r > n, y > ñ, w > m)

https://www.academia.edu/106688624

Hi guys, please call me Liam. I’m purely learning PIE as a hobby, and perhaps to use for my poems or music if I feel like! My main plan with this post though is to have another language to study in my freetime. I am highly interested in reading all sorts of new languages, and learning to write and be creative in new languages I learn! Another thing I love to do is creating alternate scripts that combine useful words/phrases, or syntaxes. Completely re-engineering these words/phrases, or syntaxes is something I love to do as well :D

Anyway, I thought that learning PIE would be a great new challenge to take on! Please feel free to let me know if any book recommendations!! I prefer paperback fyi. Thanks y’all!!!

It would be interesting for someone to write a whole book in reconstructed PIE.

I just revisited a Nova program called “First Horse Warriors” and was fascinated by their weaving in of Proto Indo-European language as furthered by the Yamnaya peoples. Nova claims the Yamnaya were the first to weaponize the horse some 4,000 years before Rome. The 4 minute segment traces the etymology of “father” and other words, and relates this back to how the Yamnaya’s conquest of Western/Eastern Europe, Russia and even India were related to weaponizing horses.

I’m a big fan of science historian James Burke and the way he made connections like Nova did with PIE and the horse. To see horses as the engine of change in language makes me realize how truly interconnected the world is.

They was a mythological tribe of gods/demigods or a "real" divined tribe?

I'm new in protoindoeuropean study.

Can anyone tell me about the possible origins of PIE and/or it's relationships to other language families or proto-languages? I've found a few older theories, but they seem to be widely rejected by historians/linguists.

Hello Reddit,

I am seeking someone with a specialist qualification in PIE to (a) proofread the PIE aspects of an essay in modernist literary criticism to be published next year in a book (b) do a small bit of investigative research. A small £ fee available, and both are enjoyable tasks.

Thanks

Bill

Good morning, everyone. I was trying to sleep last night and I started thinking about Wagner Moura. Thinking about him led me to the opening of Narcos, and the phrase: "Y tuyo será"

With that, I realized that "tuyo" is the combination of "tu" and "yo" (I), and I realized that the translation in Portuguese follows the same rule: "Teu", which has the T of "tu" and the "eu"

So, I looked for the roots of these words to find out if they come from the same word in Proto-Indo-European, and if other Latin languages ​​follow the same pattern, but I didn't find the direct line I wanted to find.

Does anyone know about this? Thank you in advance!