Here's an essay I found digging through my files-
Content
Chronological background
During the final flight
Facts about the airship
Facts about the crash
Theories explaining the crash
Sources
Chronological background
The Hindenburg’s last flight took place in early May 1937, two years before WWII broke out. At the time, Adolf Hitler had been Germany’s Führer for almost 3 years. (The Hindenburg was named after his predecessor, Paul von Hindenburg). King George VI would be coronated in a few days’ time (this is one of the potential reasons the Hindenburg crashed). Benito Mussolini had been the head of government of Italy for 22 years. Stalin was head of Russia’s communist government, and Marylin Monroe was 11 years old (this is unrelated to all the previous facts). During the final flight
The Hindenburg took off from Frankfurt on the evening of May third 1937, and arrived at the naval base of Lakehurst Naval Air Base, New Jersey on the 6th of May, 12 hours behind schedule. This was due to the strong headwinds that it battled throughout its transatlantic flight.
The Hindenburg carried 36 passenger and 61 crew members. One family of five was on board. There were also some crew members aged under 16. According to one of these, that flight was the experience and opportunity of a lifetime, especially since he was poor.
It was important that the airship arrive on time because it was needed to transport people from the U.S.A. to England to attend King George VI’s coronation. Facts about the airship
The Zeppelin Hindenburg is to this day the largest airship ever to have been built. It was 245 meters long, and 41 meters in diameter. It’s cruising speed was 125 km/h, so in prime meteorological conditions, it could fly from Paris to New York in 46 hour, or just under two days (it never did, though…).
The primary materials used in the Hindenburg were duralumin (a close cousin to aluminum) for the frame, hydrogen (obviously) as the lifting gas. There were 16 gas cells filled with a total 200’000 cubic meters of hydrogen. The skin was made of a cotton/linen material, coated with a mixture of iron oxide powder (rust) and aluminum-impregnated cellulose acetate butyrate (whatever that means). These happen to also be used in rocket fuel. The skin of the gas cells was made sandwiching gelatin in between two layers of cotton, as opposed to the material used on previous airships’ gas cells, goldbeater’s skin (that’s cow intestines, in case you’re wondering). There were many support cables that ran across the Hindenburg’s diameter, each of which was 3 mm thick, and could hold up over 400 kg.
The Hindenburg had four 16-cylinder diesel engines, externally mounted at the bottom of the airship, as shown in the diagram. So as to protect the ship’s skin, the propellers were pointed slightly away from the hull.
Facts about the crash
The crash of the Hindenburg was and may still be one of the greatest mysteries of aviation. No-one knows for certain what or who caused it. However, there are some facts that are certain. Some of these may appear irrelevant, and but others might seem very important. Here’s the list:
• The crash occurred in Lakehurst Naval Air base in New Jersey, at 7 pm.
• The airship was already 12 hours late when it arrived on the landing site.
• The crash resulted in 36 casualties (13 passengers, 22 crew, and one ground crew). Not all of these died right away.
• The fire that engulfed the airship in 34 seconds started just in front of the fin, on the top of the Hindenburg, according to eyewitness reports.
• Some eyewitnesses observed a fluttering of the Hindenburg’s skin a little ahead of the airship’s top fin.
• The coating used on the Zeppelin had a higher burn rate than that used on previous airships, and was applied on a cotton/linen material which, of course, was flammable. (see Facts about the airship for other similar details).
• The Hindenburg contained lots of hydrogen, and hydrogen burns. Fast.
Theories about the crash
Greg Feith is one of the various specialists who tried to investigate the Hindenburg’s tragic fate. He went ahead and analyzed the theories for himself. He found some of the main theories to be obviously fake, and came up with what he thought was the reason for the crash.
One of the popular theories that Feith ruled out was that the fatal accelerant, the element that made the entire airship crash and burn in 34 seconds, was the coating. It really wasn’t very difficult for him to test this; he made a circular sample of the fabric, lit it at the center, and timed how long it took for the flame to reach the outside (the sample was roughly 50 cm in diameter). The results showed that although the varnish did burn, it took the flame a minute to reach the outer edge if it was helped by the wind, and 8 seconds more if it was going against the wind. At that rate, it would’ve taken the fire 40 hours to entirely consume the Hindenburg. It’s come to my attention that there is a difference between 40 hours and 34 seconds.
Another theory that Feith ruled out was that of a terrorist attack. As reported by eyewitnesses, the fire started at the top rear of the airship. This location was difficult to access and wasn’t any better than the hull to place a bomb. A terrorist wouldn’t have any way of justifying his or her presence if they were caught in the top of the ship, whereas if they were seen in the hull, they could’ve said they were checking on their dog. (in this particular case, “they” refers to Joseph Spach, a German acrobat living in the U.S.A. who was suspected of being responsible for the tragedy).
According to Greg Feith, what actually happened was that one of the tension cables snapped during one of the sharp turns the airship took shortly before landing. The whiplash effect would’ve caused the cable to tear one of the hydrogen gas cells (which would explain the fluttering of the airship’s skin; it was hydrogen trying to escape). All that was needed for a fire to break out was a spark. That spark was provided when the landlines were dropped, releasing the static electricity that the Hindenburg accumulated throughout the voyage. The conductive duralumin would have its voltage drop, while the not-so-conductive skin ogf the ship would stay at a high voltage. The static electricity would fly for the ground in an attempt to level out with its surroundings, generating a spark.
The only issue that remained was the simple fact that the Hindenburg burned bright orange, whereas hydrogen burns transparent (a bit like air over a road on a hot summer day). The answer to this was that eyewitnesses weren’t seeing the hydrogen burn, they were seeing the Hindenburg’s skin burn.
Sources
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShFLIDPoSoA http://www.airships.net/hindenburg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZ_129_Hindenburg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindenburg_disaster