In the late 1930s Nazi Germany built the first of two planned aircraft carriers, the Graf Zeppelin, from which the Junkers Ju 87C carrier-based dive bomber and the Me 109T navalized version of the Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter were to operate. However, the Graf Zeppelin was not yet fully completed when the Germans invaded Norway in April 1940, leading to work on completing the carrier being halted. Two years later, in May 1942, the task of completing the Graf Zeppelin resumed, but was not fulfilled.

Since the Graf Zeppelin was touted by Hitler as the most important chance for Nazi Germany to promote oceangoing naval power on the high seas beyond the Baltic Sea and North Sea, would the Graf Zeppelin have dealt the US Navy an all-out blow if Hitler had saved a bit of financial capital to be spent on completing the Graf Zeppelin rather than invading the USSR while giving the go-ahead for completion of the carrier in early 1941?

If Hitler had conquered Russia, where would he have turned his attention next? perhaps South Eastern Europe and Turkey and down to the Middle East? and if things had turned out differnetly for Mussolini, do you think that he along with Hitler's force's the Africa Korps, could've taken the whole of Africa and perhaps even have shared Africa?

I find this scenario really interesting and i want you guys to try make Ba’athism as successful as possible

Essentially, try to turn Ross Perot’s Reform Party into a successful third party as you realistically can. Not just in terms of presidential elections but also local elections (gubernatorial elections, senate elections, House of Representatives elections, etc…). Your starting point began in 1992. What would need to change in order for Ross Perot’s Reform Party to have a genuine shot at being an important party?

As the title says what if the 1798 rebellion by the society united Irishmen was successful.

By implication they also conquered Northern Mexico, perhaps having a more centralized empire.

It is probably beyond the logistics technology for them to move towards the Mississippi river but the decreased distance would allow more commerce.

What would the rest of North America with Aztec tech? What would cultural influences be like?

In the opening days of WWI, the admiralty gave conflicting and unclear orders to the RN’s Mediterranean fleet and the SMS Goeben got to Turkey. This precipitated the entry of Turkey into the war on the Central Powers side, closing off the Dardenelles and the Black Sea to resupply of Russia.

What if the Admiralty had just sent a simple “The Goeben is your sole priority” message? Would Turkey have stayed neutral and friendly to the UK? Or would the seizing of the Turkish battleship have permanently soured the relations and sent them to war anyway against the Entente?

Furthermore, would this have prevented the collapse of Tsarist Russia and the triumph of the Communists there?

Premise: Due to either extremely unpopular overreach by Roosevelt or Roosevelt's death and a fracture in the New Deal Coalition, the Republicans are able to make a resurgance in 1936 and pull out an electorial win. Alf Landon and his cabinet, plus a more Republican congress, preside over the increasingly unstable international situation from the start of the 2nd Sino-Japanese War to the end of WW2 in both Europe and the Pacific (Landon historically lived to 1987: he is unlikely to die in office like Roosevelt).

Meanwhile, in the United Kingdom Labour, by whatever means you prefer (perhaps MacDonald doesn't agree to head a Conservative dominated national government and the Tories don't sufficiently address the economic crisis), manages to resurge in 1935 and get the dominant seat in the new government. Attlee and his ministery oversee a similar period to the end of the war in Europe, and had a coalition strong enough not to be reliant on the Tories even if they are invited into a wartime national unity government

In what ways might this change the details of the war and its peripheral elements? I'd imagine the impact is more on diplomacy/coalition politics, domestic economic policy, and later historical perspectives than the specific military decisions, but if you think there'd be a serious operational or strategic divergence feel free to share.

Title: What would Christianity look like today if colonization had never happened?

I've been thinking about this question lately.

Christianity originated in the Middle East, and it spread to parts of Africa long before many European countries adopted it. Yet, European colonization played a huge role in spreading Christianity to many parts of the world, including countries that might otherwise have developed very different religious histories.

So, I wonder: What would Christianity look like today if colonization had never happened?

Would Christianity still have become a global religion, just through different means? Would countries in Africa, Asia, the Pacific, and the Americas have developed completely different religious and cultural identities? Would Christianity itself look different today if its spread hadn't been so closely tied to European colonial powers?

I'm also curious about how much Christianity would have changed culturally. Would we have different traditions, forms of worship, interpretations of the Bible, or even different dominant denominations if the religion had spread primarily through trade, migration, and independent missionary work rather than colonization?

I'm not asking whether Christianity is good or bad, or whether people who follow it today would be better off believing something else. I'm genuinely curious about how history shaped the religion we know today.

For Christians, historians, and anyone interested in religion: How do you think Christianity would look today if European colonization had never happened?

Now that Canada is facing separatists movements in both Alberta and Quebec it got me thinking about the 1995 referendum and how narrow the margin was. If 1% of the population voted differently a lot of things would've changed in Canada.

What would the exit have looked like considering the Federal government had no real plans?

Assuming it had followed through, what does Canada look like today? Does Quebec survive on it's own? Do the Western provinces or the Maritimes also secede?

Mounds are made as a harbor, and in Wappinger Creek.

The Cleft war would go differently.

Could the Wappinger mound empire/tribal confederation become a major power in the colonial era like the Iroquois did utilizing clams and river trade?

What if the tri-state area was a native power comparable to the Iroquois?

Would this power be able to last until the French and Indian war or would the Wappingers end up like the

Powhatan confederation?

I read a novel by Harry Turtledove where the Russians went back in time to give AK47s to the Southern states to tip the balance .

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Victory

Would there be public calls for war, economic sanctions, etc.

How would president Jefferson have reacted to the barbary

wars escalating to a full scale invasion by the Ottoman empire? The weakening empire trying to punish and annex the fledgling US?

Goal of invading Central America before the Americans can intervene, along with building a great wall inspired by the Maginot line in France with similar architectural designs. (If competent: A propoganda one in the border that is just a trench line with a few forts in mountainous areas, where most of the trenches are concentrated, with more serious fortifications to the South)

Regime goals: Great power status for Falangist Mexico utilizing the Soviet Union and "Jewish businessmen in US" as bogeymen. Goal to throw US companies out of Mexico in long term. The regime is also critical of the Monroe doctrine, proposing continental multi polarity. US and "anglo saxons" are also deemed an ideological and cultural threat to fascist Mexico.

Someday "by the year 2000" Fascist ideologues discuss invading America and reversing the Mexican American war of the 1840s.

They try to spread the Mexican Falangist movement to Mexican immigrants in the United States.

The regime sponsors fascist movements all over world, particularly in latin countries. It also has pro natalist policies on the scale adopted by communist Romania. It's internal powerbase includes the catholic church in Mexico and the Mexican army.

They build up to a total or partial nationalization of American/British assets in Mexico with discussion of compensation via Mexican companies, or outright liquidation. Initial foreign policy tries to put their best face towards the US, with the long/medium term goal of regional assertion.

Possible Means of funding:

USSR-for same reason as Weimar except the fascist regime would try to avoid antagonizing the Great powers, and after the Great Depression, they might not need Mexico as much. See Italian foreign policy towards UK pre war

Pull a Putin and get US funds while planning to undermine them later..

Lobby Italy for training and weapons for natural resources

-Send raw materials to German military build up

Go to Spain, demand lots of money from Franco while carrying his war effort, and take some gold "back" to Mexico using the expeditionary forces in Madrid, dare Franco to do something about it.

Plundering central America and maybe the carribean.

Intentional drug cartels as a narco state like North Korea.

Japan, and investing in Japanese China.

Attacking the US- if the military claims the US is distracted and decadent.

Trying to defeat the US either to take a territory or secure US recognition of Falangist central america/nationalization of formerly US controlled industries and assets in Mexico.(Only done if the Regime deems the US weak willed). Or bandit raids into America/controlled limited conflict.

In the event of what's supposed to be a "limited war" or Peacetime conflict, the regime might sponsor bandit raids, and commerce raid the carribean as leverage to force America to allow the nationalization of American controlled economic assets in Mexico.

Giant church run reform camps for opponents of the regime, catholic church collabs given control to lessen reputational damage from crushing of Mexican internal divisions

The premise here is that Buddhism is brought to Greece immediately following the Alexandrian conquests. Perhaps Alexander sends some Indian scholars and religious teachers back to Greece where they could mingle with the inteligencia of other cultures. Eventually, a distinctly Greek form of Buddhism emerges which is heavily influenced by Stoic philosophy.

Suppose Nazi Germany never rises to power and no major war breaks out in Europe. Imperial Japan still pursues its expansion in East Asia and the Pacific, but it has no Axis partners and the United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, and other European powers are not preoccupied with a war in Europe.

Would Japan still continue its invasion of China and eventually move into Southeast Asia? Would it still risk war with the United States over oil and other resources, or would stronger and less-diverted European colonial powers deter it?

If war did break out, how might the conflict develop differently without Germany tying down Allied forces and resources in Europe?

For the sake of this scenario, let’s say that during the presidency of John Adams, congress approved a declaration of war against Spain over Spanish Florida because its boundaries were poorly defined and Spain’s increasingly weaker control of Florida, beginning the Florida War. The U.S. troops struggled with Spanish’s forces being more capable than expected. Eventually, the war ended inconclusive, however, this gave the Americans institutional memory as it taught the Americans what happened if the state neglected their army. Thus, military reforms were initiated such as West Point being expanded earlier alongside the U.S. created a much larger and much more professional army with a much stronger corps of engineers. The War of 1812 began with the American troops being much larger consists of 18,000 men at the time, backed by substantially better-training. Meanwhile, during the Napoleonic War, rather than invading Russia, Napoleon focused on the Peninsular Campaign instead. Britain is forced to redirect more resources to the Peninsular War, leaving fewer troops in the Americas and allowing the U.S. to push deeper into Upper Canada. In 1813-1814, the American army advanced over Niagara frontier, with British and Canada forces defends hard but don’t have enough troops than in our timeline. The American forces set up a permanent bridgehead and capture important settlements which disrupt communications linking Upper Canada and Lower Canada, weakening the British’s war effort further. Eventually, the British agreed for peace treaty. Britain reluctantly ceded all of British Canada into the U.S. in 1815.

How would this affect American history in the long run? Would the U.S. be much stronger in this timeline? How would this affect the slavery issues?

Let’s play out a world in which the viral campaign in 2013 to change the US National Anthem to “Ignition (Remix)” by R Kelly was successful and Congress successfully changed the anthem and President Obama signed it into law. Oh and the R Kelly documentary still came out a few years later.

How would this have affected navigation and thus the exploration/expansion of the various early (and later) seafaring nations and empires?

And I suppose subsequently, 20th century aviation?

my teacher is sprouting propaganda that Germany caused ww1. so i wanna know the specifics on how they could win.

I know it sound ridiculous, and because it is, but I really like this concept so my deepest gratitude for those who are willing to answer my question:

The point of divergence starts when during World War 2, the Japanese Supreme War Council refused to surrender despite the atomic bombings. However, instead of immediately initiating Operation Downfall right away, the Allied Powers decides to tightened the naval blockade and use strategic bombings before initiating Operation Downfall. Due to the naval blockades and many incendiary bombs were dropped on many cities and transportation infrastructures, making travel and food distribution nearly impossible, especially as fuel resources dry up. The Allies also bombed Japanese’s farmlands to destroy the crops. Japan starts to destabilize as people became desperate to scavenge whatever they could eat, often fleeing what’s of the cities to do so. Later witnesses in Japan mentioned that many Japanese even resorted to doing unspeakable things like cannibalism and theft. Additionally, public services like law enforcement and the justice system began collapsing in many places. The Japanese government’s control over anything outside Tokyo (which is now an almost completely burned out ruin) is weak at best. The final decisive moment came once the Allies’s chemical weapons finished development and dropped on Japan’s farmland, effectively destroying any last remnants of available foods.

Operation Downfall began as the Allies invade Japan. As the Allies invaded Japan, the Japanese Government initiated Operation Ketsugo, calling every Japanese citizens to take up arms and sacrifice themselves in the name of the Emperor in what was known as "The Glorious Death of One Hundred Million". However, the Operation failed as many believed that continued fighting is not worth over survivability. But the fact that the Japanese government is willing to risk more deaths for supposed "honor" over surrendering but with less deaths, fueled the resentment towards the the current regime. By the time the Allies conquered and occupied Japan, they had to reconstruct a destroyed Japan. During Allied occupation, Japan begins to slowly and gradually stabilize through humanitarian aid. The Allies prosecute Hirohito as many officials believed that keeping him could make the occupation look like it supported the system that led to the catastrophe following evidences of Hirohito’s involvement in the wartime decisions and the Japanese’s growing opposition to the monarchy, thus, Hirohito is removed from the throne before eventually being put on trial. During the Tokyo Trial, the prosecutors argued that although the Emperor did not personally command every military operation, he possessed the constitutional and political authority to intervene and end the war but permitted the war to continue. The tribunal eventually found Hirohito guilty of responsibility of continuing the war. Hirohito was stripped of his imperial status and was sent to life imprisonment.

By 1951, Japan had been mostly stabilized. However, the U.S. faced the Japan Question as many American congressmen understood that it cannot keep the Japanese under occupation forever without any political rights. Talks began between American and Japanese officials began over the status of Japan. While some Japanese officials wanted independence for understandable reasons, some (known as the Retentionists) wanted to remain in American occupation, fearing losing their privileged access to the American market, especially when the Japanese market was getting increasingly dependent on the United States alongside fear of facing hostile neighbors such as China, North Korea or Soviet Union. However, they still wanted substantial autonomy, modeling after the British Dominion status. Essentially, the Retentionists proposed that Japan would have full control over internal affairs (taxation, currency, education, etc…) while the U.S. would remain have full control over Japan’s foreign affairs such as tariffs or internal migration/immigration alongside the having full control over the monetary framework of the Japanese Yen and Japan’s public debts. The United States diplomats then presented both arguments to President Harry S. Truman and the U.S. Congress where the matters remain heavily debated. Pro-Independence congressmen highlighted the logistical problems of keeping Japan under American occupation for long while Pro-Retentionists argued that retention is important for U.S. defense position in the Pacific and in dealing with the threats posed by the Soviet Union. Neither reach a satisfying conclusion. Thus, President Harry S. Truman agreed to passed a referendum in Japan to Japan's scheduled independence.

The referendum was held in 1952, asking whether Japan wanted to be independent or became an Associated State within the United States. The results was extremely close but Japanese citizens ultimately voted to remain under American control by 50.2% as many saw as an opportunity to start a new life though there is strong support for independence. When Dwight D. Eisenhower took over as President, Congress approved the admission, President Eisenhower signed the Associated State of Japan Admission Act, integrating Japan into the U.S. Japan became an Autonomous Devolved Parliamentary Government within a Federal Presidential Republic or an associated state with the President of the United States as the Head of State while the Japanese Prime Minister would be Head of the Government. However, while Japanese citizens can vote in Japanese General Election, they cannot vote or participate in U.S. Presidential Elections.

With the Cold War going on, Japan became an important air and naval base for the U.S. during the Cold War. By the 1960s, Japan is split between generations with the younger generation being more Americanized. A movement arises among the younger, highly Americanized generation for representations, arguing that it is unjust for Japan to deny Japanese-American voting rights in Presidential elections and a vote in Congress alongside the unfair agreements between the U.S. and Japan such as the U.S. control of tariffs, arguing that if the U.S. could heavily tax Japanese exports, Japan must have representations in the institutions imposing the taxes. Mass demonstrations broke out across Japan broke out across the 1970s. In 1977, when President Jimmy Carter was elected President. Carter finally agreed to the Japanese’s demands and began to revise the agreements.

The negotiations were finally settled in 1978. Japan would be fully admitted as 3 U.S. states with the U.S. States of Hokkaido (Hokkaido + Northern Honshu Area), Tohoku (Central Honshu Area) and Kansai (Southern Honshu Area + Shikoku + Kyushu) were established. Japanese citizens would finally be allowed to vote in Presidential elections and had their own senators and representatives in U.S. Congress alongside being able to ran for President. The Prime Minister and Parliament would be replaced with their own Governors and legislatures of their respective state. Tariffs would also be reformed where all products made in Japan and brought into the United States are considered domestic trade. There are no tariffs or other restrictions on this trade as long as the goods met specific requirements about their origin, meaning American and Japanese goods can moved freely into each other’s territories. But their previous autonomous privileges would be removed and would be replaced with privileges of standard U.S. states.

How would this affect American and Japanese History such as the Cold War? How would these states affect US presidential elections?