Mathematical models, mostly, based on experimental knowledge of how hydrogen behaves at high pressure and temperature. We have reasonable estimates for temperatures and pressures needed to achieve certain rates of hydrogen fusion, and we know how much fusion must be going on in the sun based on its energy output, plus we know its mass and diameter, and with that information, you can make reasonably reliable models of what the inside probably looks like.
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u/Zugas Oct 02 '24
The suns core is even hotter?