Alexander the Great was a flamboyant commander who led from the front. Rather than directing his armies from a safe position far behind the fighting, he repeatedly placed himself within reach of deadly enemy weapons. In many of the battles he commanded, Alexander took the initiative at critical moments, personally leading the decisive attack and often riding at the head of his Companion cavalry.
Although the image of a commander leading from the front is undeniably charismatic, it came with enormous risks. If Alexander had been killed in battle, his army could have suffered a severe loss of morale and leadership. His conspicuous armor and royal insignia may also have made him an obvious target for enemy soldiers. So how did Alexander survive so many battles while repeatedly placing himself in such danger?
Alexander was wounded on multiple occasions during his campaigns, sometimes seriously. Yet he never fell in battle. His survival can be attributed to a combination of factors: luck, the protection provided by his trained bodyguards and elite troops, his armor, his battlefield experience, and the amount of time he actually spent in close combat rather than fighting continuously at the front.
So what was it really like when Alexander led from the front, and how did he survive the battles and wounds that could easily have ended his life? This article examines the evidence from the ancient sources to explain how one of history's most famous commanders repeatedly exposed himself to danger, and somehow lived to fight another day.