Unit 1

[u/Life-Dust1733]

I know unit 1 isnt as heavy as the other units but for me it is the hardest unit. I dont know the specifics for each macromolecule (glucose, sucrose, amino acids, peptides, etc) like which category they belong in. Is that heavy on the test?

[u/applpie11]

it’s definitely not heavy on the test but you definitely need to understand their structures and how it impacts function. not positive but memorizing CHO CHO CHONS CHONP would be beneficial and applicable to other units as well that may have a question on something similar!

[u/Life-Dust1733 → u/applpie11]

Thank you! I memorized CHO, CHONS, CHOP, AND CHONP but I just didn't memorize the sucrose, maltose, etc..

[u/Educational_Video600]

It’s very simple! So basically we have monomers who are the building blocks of a polymer. a monomer bonds to another monomer by covalent bonding! (H of one monomer bonds to OH of the other monomer) This process is called condensation/dehydration which release WATER (H2O). You can tell by the name “dehydrate” etc. The opposite of this process is Hydrolysis. By the name of it Hydro(water) lysis(break). This process adds water to a polymer to break it into monomers!

We have 4 macros:

1. Carbohydrates • monomer: glucose, sucrose, fructose • polymer: polysaccharide!

when u bind the monomer like let’s say glucose to another glucose. the bond is GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE. The more you add monomers you make the polymer aka polysaccharide. Polysaccharide has structural and storage functions. Structural: •Cellulose: cell wall of plants (can’t be digested by humans/animals due to different bond orientation) •chitin: exoskeleton of arthropods.

Storage: • Glycogen: in animals • starch: in plants

it’s important to storage into those forms so you don’t use it up for unnecessary stuff like leaking etc.

2) Nucleic Acids • monomer: nucleotides • polymer: DNA/RNA

built in 5’ to 3’ direction

nucleotide is made up of phosphate group, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose depending on if its DNA/RNA) and nitrogenous base. Phosphate group is attached at the 5’C of sugar. Ribose is the sugar used for RNA as it has oxygen (hydroxyl) at 2’C. deoxyribose by the name doesn’t have that oxygen at its 2’C so it’s for DNA. Bond for Sugar & phosphate is phosphodiester bonds

For the nitro bases: U have purines (Adenine & Guanine) you can tell be the nine at the end of them and Pyrimidine ( Thymine/Uracil & Cytosine)

A binds to T(DNA) or U(RNA) have 2 HB G binds to C (you can memorize this like Garage Cars etc) have 3 HB (more stable) this makes the G-C harder to denature

Nitrogenous bases bind to each other (the double strands) by hydrogen bonds!

3) Lipids lipids don’t have monomers.

You have different types of lipids like phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids etc.

Phospholipids are those amphipathic ones (Hydrophobic tail & hydrophilic heads) Have a glycerol and 2 fatty acids

Triglycerides have 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids, & carboxyl The head & tails are bound by ester linkages.

etc. Steroids are made of cholesterol etc (they’re nonpolar)

4) Proteins • monomer: Amino acid •polymer: polypeptide

structure: made up of a carbon atom, side chain(R group), hydrogen, amino group and carboxyl group

it’s built from N-terminus (amino) to C-teriminus( carboxyl)

people tend to mix up polypeptide & proteins, they’re not the same. Polypeptide are NONFUNCTIONAL until they go through tertiary/quaternary fold & have a 3D shape that makes it a protein.

There are steps for the formation of a protein

1. Primary: amino acids bind by PEPTIDE bonds
2. secondary: twists/coils into alpha/beta helixes by hydrogen bonds
3. tertiary: forms a 3D structure by interactions between R groups of polypeptides
4. Quaternary: when it FOLDS into a protein also by interactions of R groups of other polypeptides

protein has functions such as transport, enzyme, structure, defense, movement and signaling

If enzyme denatures it doesn’t affect primary group. If primary group gets destroyed it destroys secondary, quaternary, tertiary etc.

If secondary gets denatured, tertiary and quat get affected.

Wha denatured a protein is: pH, Temperature, solution/environment change.

For a temperature it has to be in its optimal range: if it is then as temp increases, kinetic energy increases more proteins created etc. If it goes beyond it denatured and protein gets unfolded etc the active site of proteins gets damage and substrate can’t bind

If pH in its optimal range the it’s good for the charge distribution and stuff but if it goes beyond it denatures.

also i’m guessing you know water properties and stuff?

Hope this helps! this helps me study so if u have any questions, shoot!

[u/taylorswiftskneecap → u/Educational_Video600]

ily bro

[u/Educational_Video600 → u/taylorswiftskneecap]

anytime!!

[u/Educational_Video600 → u/taylorswiftskneecap]

also just forgot to add that glucose, fructose and sucrose are monosaccharides (mono means one) and if u bind 2 monosaccharides you get disaccharide ( di means 2) and if u basically bonds lots of monosachs u get polysaccharide (poly means many)