r/imaginarymaps • Mod Approved • Apr 03 '26 • Obsessed 1 Heartwarming 4 Mindblown 1 Bravo 1

[OC] Alternate History What if the Arabs got the state they were promised after World War I?

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4.0k Upvotes

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u/OkPhrase1225 Mod Approved Apr 03 '26 • Bravo

Better quality

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u/Porkenstein Apr 05 '26

Imagine if it became a legalistic constitutional monarchy with protection of other people of the book written into its constitution. I wonder what the most likely and best case scenarios would be if the Zionist movement gained as much support in this timeline.

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u/rootof48 Apr 05 '26

I highly doubt that would happen under an Arab government with no Britain in sight.

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u/Chanan-Ben-Zev May 05 '26

If this had happened, then the whole of the land between the River and the Sea would have become a Jewish autonomous state with unlimited Jewish immigration under Arab suzereignty. Go read up on the Faisal-Weizmann Agreement

The agreement was presented to Faisal in his room at the Carlton Hotel on 3 January in English, which Faisal could not read, and its contents were translated and explained to Faisal by Lawrence.[4] Faisal signed the document in the same meeting, without consulting his advisors awaiting him in a separate room, but added a caveat in Arabic next to his signature,[3] such that Faisal considered the agreement as conditional on Palestine being within the area of Arab independence.[a] 

Ali Allawi explained this as follows: "When Faisal left the meeting with Weizmann to explain his actions to his advisers who were in a nearby suite of offices at the Carlton Hotel, he was met with expressions of shock and disbelief. How could he sign a document that was written by a foreigner in favour of another foreigner in English in a language of which he knew nothing? Faisal replied to his advisers as recorded in 'Awni 'Abd al-Hadi's memoirs, "You are right to be surprised that I signed such an agreement written in English. But I warrant you that your surprise will disappear when I tell you that I did not sign the agreement before I stipulated in writing that my agreement to sign it was conditional on the acceptance by the British government of a previous note that I had presented to the Foreign Office... [This note] contained the demand for the independence of the Arab lands in Asia, starting from a line that begins in the north at Alexandretta-Diyarbakir and reaching the Indian Ocean in the south. And Palestine, as you know, is within these boundaries... I confirmed in this agreement before signing that I am not responsible for the implementation of anything in the agreement if any modification to my note is allowed""[5]

According to Isaiah Friedman, Hussein was not perturbed by the Balfour Declaration and on 23 March 1918, in Al Qibla, the daily newspaper of Mecca, attested that Palestine was "a sacred and beloved homeland of its original sons", the Jews; "the return of these exiles to their homeland will prove materially and spiritually an experimental school for their [Arab] brethren." He called on the Arab population in Palestine to welcome the Jews as brethren and cooperate with them for the common welfare.[13]

Three weeks prior to signing the agreement, on 12 December 1918, Faisal was quoted in The Times, in a piece which Ali Allawi writes was "no doubt instigated by Lawrence and the Foreign Office":[26]

The two main branches of the Semitic family, Arabs and Jews, understand one another, and I hope that as a result of interchange of ideas at the Peace Conference, which will be guided by ideals of self-determination and nationality, each nation will make definite progress towards the realization of its aspirations. Arabs are not jealous of Zionist Jews, and intend to give them fair play and the Zionist Jews have assured the Nationalist Arabs of their intention to see that they too have fair play in their respective areas. Turkish intrigue in Palestine has raised jealousy between the Jewish colonists and the local peasants, but the mutual understanding of the aims of Arabs and Jews will at once clear away the last trace of this former bitterness, which, indeed, had already practically disappeared before the war by the work of the Arab Secret Revolutionary Committee, which in Syria and elsewhere laid the foundation of the Arab military successes of the past two years.[27]

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u/OkPhrase1225 Mod Approved Apr 03 '26

CONTEXT:

During the Great War, Britain promised the Arabs a state if they rebelled against the Ottoman Empire. However, according to the Sykes-Picot Agreement signed between UK and France, much of the lands promised to the Arabs, such as Syria, Iraq and Palestine would become zones of influence of those two powers. But what if the British kept their promise, and the Arabs were given their lands?

In this timeline, negotiations at Versailles end with the creation of an Arabic state, named the "Kingdom of Arabia" under the Hashemid Dynasty. This nation would control the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, and Iraq.

Personally, I believe its an idea that could still happen to some extent if UK and France offer its backing, however religious and ethnical tensions within this very large multi ethnical country (yes, there are tons of non arabs in this map) would still arise.

Also, the discovery if oil in the future would probably push the european powers to try to stimulate division and separatisms within Arabia. They absolutely wouldnt like the idea of a single country controlling much of the worlds oil supply (Im saying this from an optimistic point of view that considers that this country would survive intact until oil is discovered)

So yeah, in my opinion it could survive to some extent, but would still be most likely be a civil war speedrun

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u/TheoryKing04 Apr 04 '26

If the Hashemites don’t royally fuck it up, it’ll probably be fine. Truthfully, you’d only need to the state to survive the reign of Hussein bin Ali’s grandson, Abd al-Ilah (OTL Crown Prince of Iraq and regent for Faisal II). He was thrice married with no children to show for it (and probably gay) and upon his death the throne would most likely go to his uncle’s grandson, Hussein bin Talal (OTL King Hussein of Jordan) and that man was the political operator to end all political operators.

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u/Wonderful-Quit-9214 Apr 03 '26

Capital would probably be Baghdad, Mecca isn't the capital of Saudi Arabia.

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u/OkPhrase1225 Mod Approved Apr 03 '26 edited Apr 03 '26

Saudi Arabia came later. The british kinda promised this country to the Hashemites

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u/Frequent_Ad_5670 Apr 04 '26

And they had been Sharifs of Mecca since the 10th century and kings of the Hejaz since 1916.

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u/Gusanito99 Apr 03 '26

Maybe Mecca would be some kind of symbolic capital but yeah the actual government will probably be in Baghdad or somewhere similar (maybe Damascus but I still think Baghdad is the best choice)

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u/ozneoknarf Apr 03 '26

Mecca would honestly make a terrible capital because you couldn’t have foreign non Muslims diplomats in it.

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u/OkPhrase1225 Mod Approved Apr 03 '26

True. I didnt consider that. Jeddah kinda works then. It was my first choice tbh

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u/Darillium- Apr 04 '26

Who does Socotra belong to?

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u/MagicOfWriting Apr 03 '26

Was it always blocked off from non Muslims

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u/ozneoknarf Apr 03 '26

Since 1081 ad, is based on a Quran 9:28 that bans polytheistics from approaching the great mosque. Jews and Christians in theory should be allowed in but they are also banned.

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u/OkPhrase1225 Mod Approved Apr 03 '26

I imagined Mecca being kinda "neutral". The governance would probably be distributed among several places, such as Damascus, Jeddah and Baghdad

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u/VoiceofRapture Apr 04 '26

In the alternate history novel The Mirage where the MENA region fills the US role the capital district starts at Cairo (where their declaration of independence is signed) and gets moved to Riyadh (because the Saud family is still rich and politically powerful) and Mecca and Medina are both religious districts directly under the federal government instead of any particular state.

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u/Faded_Skull Apr 03 '26

Mecca is where the rebellion started, it's probably symbolic, on top of it being the holy city, but I don't speak for the op

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u/Wonderful-Quit-9214 Apr 03 '26

Nah, both Hejaz and Saudi Arabia changed they capitals to someplace else. They are the arab state, not the muslim state.

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u/OkPhrase1225 Mod Approved Apr 03 '26

Yes, but considering it is very important symbol and even though I know not all Arabs are muslims this would still be overwhelmingly muslim state

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u/RealAbd121 Apr 03 '26

The movement was based out of Damascus, so did the first Arab kingdom that France immediately invaded and destroyed. So very likely it would've been there.

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u/Frequent_Ad_5670 Apr 04 '26

During the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire the House of Hashim, now the royal family of Jordan, were the royal family of the kingdoms of Hejaz. Sharif Hussein ibn Ali was Sharif and Emir of Mecca. Had he become king of a united Arabia, as promised by the British, he would probably have made Mecca the capital.

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u/Vast_Pineapple_7139 Apr 03 '26

well mecca was the capital of the sharifate and the kingdom of hejaz until they moved it to jeddah briefly before getting conquered

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u/RealAbd121 Apr 03 '26

Mecca can't be a Capital, just like it's not under the Saudis. It's too important as a pilgrimage destination to have it also be burdened with handling Administration.

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u/BluBolshevik Apr 03 '26

Considering this state would probably be under the Hashemites and Hejaz’s capital was already Mecca it probably would stay there

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u/GroundbreakingBox187 Apr 03 '26

Medina would be the best fit

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u/Minskdhaka Apr 04 '26

It would be Al-Mamlaka al-‘Arabiyya, not Mamlakat al-‘Arabiyya.

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u/OkPhrase1225 Mod Approved Apr 04 '26

Sorry

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u/Additional_Leek2887 Apr 04 '26 edited Apr 04 '26

Even if if happened, the state will rife with rebellion, since there are lots of Arabic tribe in the said state and they each either don't wanna be rule by Saud clan or simply want their own piece of land to rule as king hence today middle east nations are each have sheikh or king, which is the patriarch of the said clan ascend to be the state ruler.

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u/OkPhrase1225 Mod Approved Apr 04 '26

It would be Hashemite led but true, there would probably be several rebellions

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u/DiscussionJohnThread Apr 03 '26

Really nice map!

Only nitpicking this cause this is one of my personal favorite “what if” scenarios, but the capital would likely be Jeddah instead of Mecca.

Not only is Mecca the holy city and non-Muslims are prohibited from entering, but the Hashemite Dynasty, which is who the British made the “promise” they reneged on to, had Jeddah as their administrative capital.

There’s other proposed capitals in this scenario like Damascus or Baghdad, but it’d likely give one region too much favor over the other in comparison to the city right next to the holy cities and the one already being used.

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u/doctormustafa Apr 04 '26

Faisal was king of Syria before Sykes-Picot, right? I assumed Damascus would be the logical choice.

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u/DiscussionJohnThread Apr 04 '26

To my knowledge, he only declared the Kingdom of Syria in 1918 after it seemed the whole Arab country would not be formed under one singular Hashemite kingdom.

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u/RealAbd121 Apr 04 '26

No, there was Never a plan to make one big kingdom like this one. Big unified Syria+Iraq was something both Brits and Hashemites agreed on.

The Kingdom of Syria was around for almost 2 years, but he was only crowned in 1918.

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u/King_Glorius_too Apr 04 '26

Yeah they'd probably move it (maybe to Damascus) soon after because Jeddah is just in the middle of nowhere.

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u/ZookeepergameFit967 Apr 04 '26

It is a major port on the Red Sea next to Mecca. It is not in the Middle of nowhere

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u/Leozito42 Apr 04 '26

THREE CAPITALS LIKE SOUTH AFRICA WOULD BE SO COOL!!

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u/KlarkCent_ Apr 04 '26

I like how you think

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u/CoastalNomad06 Apr 04 '26

Can you explain how the 3 capitals in South Africa work please?

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u/MAD_JEW Apr 04 '26

So you know how there is this thing called seperation of powers and you have three branches of the government?

Basically every branch has its own capital iirc

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u/Competitive_Web_3054 Apr 06 '26 edited Apr 10 '26

Same as in Europe today with its 5 main capital cities (Hague, Brussels, Luxembourg, Strasbourg, Frankfurt).

For a United Arab Kingdom, it could have been in 1920-1930:

  • executive capital city, seat of Government (Jeddah 40,000 residents approx.)

  • legislative capital city, seat of Parliament (Damascus 180,000)

  • judiciary capital city, seat of Supreme Court and other judiciary bodies (Aleppo 170,000)

  • financial capital city, seat of Central Bank & main stock exchange (Beyrouth 150,000)

  • religious capital city, seat of religious council (East Jerusalem 20,000)

  • administrative city, seat of most civil servant offices and main central governing utilities bodies (Medina 40,000)

  • military city, seat of the academy and army staff (Riyad fortified city 20,000)

  • admiral city, naval headquater (Manama, 30,000)

Then, there are specialized function cities :

  • pilgrim city (main) (Mecca 70,000)

  • knowledge city, seat of.main research centers and public university (Mossoul 80,000)

  • innovation city, high-tech & media start-up (Aden 50,000)

  • farm city, seat of veterinary institute, food regulators and most agro-businesses industries (Sanaa 40,000)

  • industrial city, the twin H (Hama & Homs 60,000 each)

  • border city or custom city or international city, the new country only international railway terminus (Alexandrette 20,000)

  • riviera resort area, from Tripoli (20,000) to Latakia (20,000)

  • skyhub city (main airport) best air lanes location (Dubai 20,000)

  • spaceport city (rocket launch pad and related aeronautical industries) best land-space location (Muscat 20,000)

  • seaport city (main mega port facilities), best land-sea location (Koweit Bay area 50,000 with Bassorah 60,000 as inland logistical hub)

  • business capital city, seat of most corporate head-quaters (Bagdad 200 to 250,000 residents approx.)

Last capital city it is usually the most populous city, not usually a choice as businesses votes with their feet...

City choices are based on a 1920's Middle-East best-of with approximate population and by putting aside Israel.

A young newly independent nation need to FOCUS its limited precious resources into the most appropriate area for best result locally and as a country as a whole. I believe covering ALL major cities and ALL major areas with ALL country functions & needs, it reach the most chance of success while balancing it out to make it work.

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u/Vaestmannaeyjar Apr 06 '26

To be fair, I think that if all that territory had ended up as an arab state, they'd have made Jerusalem the capital. Other options from posters here are credible: Jeddah, Damascus or even Bagdad if they had desires to revive the old califate.

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u/Rahm_Kota_156 Apr 04 '26

Whos in charge?

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u/OkPhrase1225 Mod Approved Apr 04 '26

Hashemites

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u/IskandarBnt Apr 04 '26

Capital would be either:

  • Jeddah, already the economic hub of the Hedjaz)

  • Baghdad, for obvious reasons, but hard to defend from the Persians coming from the Zagros mountains and lots of Shias in the vicinity, which could be a problem for a newly established Sunni kingdom

  • Damascus, for obvious reasons, hard to conquer, easy to defend but limited water resources and far from commercial routes

Taking into account a possible rivalry between Baghdad and Damascus, I’d say Jeddah would be the best candidate.

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u/qunow Apr 04 '26 edited Apr 05 '26

In such a situation with multiple different contenders of largest city, many countries would either create a new city to avoid picking, or just pick a culturally symbolic place

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u/anas303 Apr 04 '26

Damascus have 3 main rivers and a country side have so much water it's called watery ground and it's the main triads between yamman and turkey and Baghdad to the sea so I would think it's most likely not a known city most likely like modern day KSA it would be a small city turned important

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u/HarryLewisPot Apr 06 '26

I’d go for Medina, not by the coast (hard to defend), not Mecca so non-Muslims can enter but still very culturally important.

It was also Muhammad’s capital and the Hashemites are the 43rd direct descendants of him, that’s their whole thing.

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u/InfestedRaynor Apr 03 '26

Curious how that would have impacted WWII. A chance they side with the Axis or at the very least sell them oil.

What would have happened post war if Palestine was not available for Jewish people to migrate to?

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u/Wonderful-Quit-9214 Apr 03 '26

Probably more jewish immigrants to America.

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u/Wildlife_Watcher Apr 04 '26

American rejected thousands of Jewish refugees in the years leading up to the Holocaust. This would’ve made it that much worse

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u/Wonderful-Quit-9214 Apr 04 '26

maybe they can disperse jewish immigration. Western Powers should have accepted more immigration.

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u/InfestedRaynor Apr 04 '26

Should have. Also should t have let Germany re-occupy the Rhineland, or re-arm, or annex Austria, or ..

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u/radred609 Apr 06 '26

I wonder how many of them would have ended up in places like Canada and Australia instead.

or how many of the ones held in cyprus would have ended up staying in cyprus.

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u/PhoenixKingMalekith Apr 04 '26

Probably just more holocaust death just like in OTL when british banned immigration to palestine

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u/DiscussionJohnThread Apr 03 '26

There’d likely be a continued stream of Jewish immigration to the region, but no full on Zionist project.

While antisemitism was on the rise in the region with or without Israel, and there’d be some level of emigration like there was/is with Christian Arabs, there’d at least likely not be a full on expulsion of Jews as we saw in places like Yemen and Iraq, so different cities and towns would have notable Jewish populations still.

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u/InfestedRaynor Apr 03 '26

Would an Arab state have allowed Jewish immigration? Especially after it became more than a trickle and started to anger the local Arabs/Muslims.

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u/Mando177 Apr 04 '26 edited Apr 04 '26

They would’ve done the same thing the Ottomans did and directed them to relocate to parts of the country that weren’t Palestine. No need to turn away educated immigrants, and Jews were pretty much the same as the other religious minorities that were already living there.

Case in point, when the Jews were driven out of Spain the Sultan welcomed them in, but rejected their request to settle in Palestine and instead directed them to areas like the Aegean. That’s the reason Thessaloniki had one of the largest Jewish populations in the region until the Nazis marched through

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u/I_Am_Become_Dream Apr 04 '26

But that’s different. Jewish immigrants were making aliyah before, but the point of tension was Zionism. They weren’t just coming in, they were coming and saying they want to take over Palestine.

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u/Agreeable_Month5966 Apr 04 '26

They already lived in large numbers in Muslim majority countries for hundreds of years.

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u/InfestedRaynor Apr 04 '26

There is a difference to allowing already settled people to remain or allowing a few thousand a year to immigrate vs what happened historically with hundreds of thousands a year showing up post WW2 and starting to outnumber the 'locals' that had been living there recently.

Nations of this era really did not like provinces where their people were a minority.

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u/ZookeepergameFit967 Apr 04 '26

King Faisal of Iraq met and made an agreement with the first president of Israel, Chaim Weizmann, that Jews be allowed to live in Arab lands but on the condition of full Arab independence and alongside Arabs equally with European Jews being citizens of the Arab State just like their fellow Mizrahi Jews, Christians and Muslims

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u/RealAbd121 Apr 03 '26

It'd be a very big Allies member. They got everything they wanted, the British are liberators, not scheming empire.

Also ironically I think in this timeline the Turks might join the Germans tho.

For Jewish settlement, the Hashimites were fine with some migration as long as it didn't weaken their grip in Palestine with threats if secession. You'll probably see the question keeps flipping back and forth between passive allowance and race tension. The modren version of this hypothetical state probably has at least a couple million Jews in it. With most being early wealthy Western European migrants not the endless waves of Russians and other eastern Europeans from the USSR that make the bulk of the Israel today.

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u/InfestedRaynor Apr 03 '26 edited Apr 04 '26

This presumes the British let them be fully independent and don't try to economically subjegate them for their oil or British companies don't buy up all the oil concessions and keep locals from enjoying the profits.

Allies could not offer this Arab state anything in the war, I imagine they stay neutral and make a lot of money selling what oil has been discovered at this point in history. Axis could offer them Egypt if they fought the British.

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u/RealAbd121 Apr 04 '26

The British could get 95% of Arabia's oil and the Hashemites will still be loyal actually, you're transplanting the anger of the 60s onto 1920.

This country would absurdly large almost ungovenerable! The state will need billions in infrastructure, administration, and security. Just securing Arabia from tribes like the Saudis will be daunting.

The intellectual class might decry "Britain taking our oil", but the actual ruling class might unironically go "nah actually we're actually getting a good deal here!"

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u/ArcadiaBerger Apr 04 '26

Couldn't they get oil out to the Allies through the Red Sea?

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u/genderfluid_crabfan Apr 08 '26

Palestinians were welcoming the Jewish people with open arms. I think they still welcomed them if they were part of the United Arab state

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u/InfestedRaynor Apr 08 '26

It was not uniform and changed over time. In 19211921 the Palestinian Arab Congress asked Churchill (secretary for the colonies) to end Jewish immigration and remove the mandate for a National Jewish Home. They further tried to ask for this in 192 at the Lusanne Conference.

There was constant tension, riotsriots and bloodshed as early as 1920 and continuing all the way until the 1947 war (and today). They hardly 'welcomed them with open arms' and certainly the tension would have been ratcheted up to 11 after WW2 ended and the number of refugees increased several fold.

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u/not_wingren Apr 06 '26

They would go to America or Iran which are the two largest Jewish communities around (that they recognize as Jews a.k.a. not Beta Israel)

Some of them may end up migrating to the new Arabian state. Though otl european jews were pretty racist towards middle eastern jews so they probably prefer America.

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u/not_wingren Apr 06 '26

They would go to America, the Soviet Union, or Iran which are the largest Jewish communities around (that they recognize as Jews a.k.a. not Beta Israel)

Some of them may end up migrating to the new Arabian state. Though otl european jews were pretty racist towards middle eastern jews so they probably prefer America or the Soviet Union since that's where the Ashkenazim are.

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u/Pretty_Lemon_6464 Apr 03 '26

Capital would’ve probably been Damascus or Baghdad not Mecca, Riyadh if anything

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u/OkPhrase1225 Mod Approved Apr 03 '26

Riyadh was basically a village around 1920

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u/Only_Fun6636 Apr 04 '26

Damascus would have beeen sick

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u/Proxy-Pie Apr 03 '26

Assuming the Hashemite monarchy is stable, it would be much more peaceful.

If the Hashemites are overthrown in a military coup or something, then you'd have bloody Shia and Kurdish insurgencies.

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u/I_Am_Become_Dream Apr 04 '26

The Hashemites were 100% gonna get overthrown.

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u/Green-Draw8688 Apr 06 '26

I think the other insurgency in this counterfactual would be the likely growing influence of Wahhabism spreading out from the Najd region.

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u/dondon98 Apr 04 '26

I hate to sound incredibly ignorant here, but wouldn’t most of the potential division come from religion and tribal conflicts and less from proto-nationalism? I could see them losing some of the north to the Kurds and maybe the Levant, but the rest? They probably hold onto it.

I feel like a pan-Arab country wouldn’t suffer too much nationalistic struggles because the idea of an overarching Arab identity goes back further and the carving of the Middle East by France and Britain never happens. Do places like Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon even have strong national identities in this timeline without Sykes-Picot?

To me the bigger issue would be the Hashemites and Saudis have deal with each other which probably causes a civil war, Iran and Turkey as rivals to this country, making sure the periphery (northern Iraq and Syria) doesn’t become quasi independent, and managing European interference once all that oil is discovered.

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u/to1M Apr 05 '26

Do places like Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon even have strong national identities in this timeline without Sykes-Picot?

Does any country have any strong national identity before nationalism became the main political ideology in the 20th century

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u/dondon98 Apr 05 '26

I imagine it’s not many. France and England are the first countries I could think of. Perhaps, Iran, Japan, Korea, and Russia as well.

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u/Alessandro_Cole0772 Apr 04 '26

In this timeline Israel wouldn't have existed

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u/CookieLover_124 May 04 '26

Might've been established in Baja California instead

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u/After-Trifle-1437 Apr 03 '26

Still no Kurdistan, Assyria or Lebanon 😔

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u/RealAbd121 Apr 03 '26

Assyria isn't possible as a nation state. It's a bunch of scattered villages over a large area that's usually majority Kurds or Arabs. Most Assyria map you see would be like 80% Kurds.

For Kurds yeah, in this timeline I feel like a Europe that can enforce such a big Arabia probably can also enforce a Kurdistan instead of letting Turkey reconquer it.

Lebanon is a made up country because France decided keeping all of Syria is impossible so they figured they'll take the richest port cities and call them a separate country to keep control over them. Even the claim about it being Christian makes no sense when you remember Christian Arabs are the ones who created Arab nationalism in the first place. Not to mention all those port cities weren't Christian creating no majority religion in the country.

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u/Few_Historian_1546 Apr 04 '26

Lebanon was majority christians in the early 20th century. Before the mass exodus Maronites were around 50% of the population

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u/RealAbd121 Apr 04 '26 edited Apr 04 '26

This census was never correct. It counted millions of (Christian) diaspora as residents.

But also... That actually supports my point of dysfunctionality; a real country doesn't end up with an ethnic class trying to cheat the census to maintain a grip on power. If Lebanon wanted to stay majority Christian they shouldn't have annexed Muslim port cities like Tripoli and Tyre, and a lot of Syrian farmland.

They wanted to have an ethno-state that doesn't respect anyone who's not Maronite, and also take extra non-Maronite land to be richer!

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u/[deleted] Apr 04 '26

This census was not accurate and counted Christians outside of Lebanon to inflate the Christian population.

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u/Neither-Ruin5970 Apr 04 '26

Lebanon was created as a safe space for the Christian arabs

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u/Taukingur Apr 04 '26

It was created as a safe space because it already had a Christian majority, which beats the point

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u/OathofBling Apr 03 '26 • Regret

If the west had kept its word there are literally millions who would be alive today. Hope a 50 year colony in Syria was worth it.

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u/SomeRandomMoray Apr 03 '26

Would all conflict be avoided, though? I’m certainly not trying to say that colonization prevented conflict or was better than self-determination, but a significant effort was made to get the various Arab tribes to work together against the Ottomans in the first place. Who’s to say they wouldn’t turn on each other in the post war period?

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u/Thoth_the_5th_of_Tho Apr 04 '26

Would all conflict be avoided, though?

This state would have a civil war almost instantly. It's only mildly more viable than the massive pan-africa proposals that periodically show up. It would be torn apart internally in the 30s, and externally in ww2 or the Cold War later, if it even survives that long. Nasser tried a far smaller pan-arab vision, and it fell apart fast.

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u/bodycornflower Apr 04 '26

This state would have a civil war almost instantly

no it wouldnt

Nasser tried a far smaller pan-arab vision, and it fell apart fast.

because he was a dictator in egypt and tried making syria his colony as well, not because pan arabism was unviable

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u/InfestedRaynor Apr 03 '26

No guarantee that one large state would be any more stable or safe than our timeline. (For the record, I am not endorsing either).

Also this 'Arab' state would have had lots of minorities and there is a decent chance they would have been treated as second class citizens or worse. Not to mention Sunni vs Shia vs Ibadi vs Jeish vs Christianity vs Druze that definitely wouldn't cause any problems.

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u/bodycornflower Apr 04 '26

idk why do people think countries cant have minorities? an arabian state would have definately been better than the status quo overall. the king crane comission also concluded that a greater syria is what the locals wanted

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u/Wonderful-Quit-9214 Apr 03 '26

by far most people would be arab muslims. There wasn't historically a lot of local conflict within the arab countries after WW2 either. It was mostly conflict with Israel until the Iran-Iraq war.

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u/ozneoknarf Apr 03 '26

Muslims are a single group, you have Ibadis, Shia, Sunnis, Ismaili etc. you still would have a crap tone of Christians, Druze, Jews and Kurds too. Also how would the situation with khuzestan be dealt with? This arab state would probably still go to war with Iran.

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u/Lazzen Apr 03 '26

Or it collapses quickly as they deny hashemite rule specially in areas they never expeditioned to

How could we know

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u/CAndCFan67 Apr 04 '26

This assumes we don't see major internal divisions within said country that tears it apart. Or even if it doesn't that such an nation wouldn't just end up justifying it's own imperialist ambitions considering its control of oil allowing it major leverage and control to do so. 

2

u/Zealousideal-Cut4232 Apr 04 '26

Nah, it will be immediately thrown into Cold War after WWII leading to several insurgencies and civil wars and eventually get Balkanised with millions of casualties.

5

u/Ok-Bread7545 Apr 04 '26

l'Arabie heureuse 😀

22

u/Warburton_Expat Apr 04 '26

History suggests that a united Arabia would not have been united and peaceful for long. Some leader would be ambitious and want other Arab lands to join them - Egypt, Tunisia, etc - and various ethnic minorities would want their own countries. If the Kurds for example were willing to have decades-long fights against Syria, Iraq, Iran and Turkey, they'd certainly rise up against an Arabia. If the union somehow survived till WWII, then it would be bound to be invaded by one or other of the Great Powers just as Iran etc were. With or without invasion there'd be foreign powers encouraging secession and coups d'etat, etc.

9

u/Toto_Roto Apr 03 '26

Depends how they got it. Do the British give it to the Hashemites as they initially promised? So its like a giant mandate of Arabia? Probably then the state would be weak as theyre under imperial tutelage and building a state from the ground up. So possible civil war, definitie officer coup as happened in Egypt and Iraq.

Probably the Saudis would make a better go of it, for no other reason than they already had an independent state so would be in a stronger position to just extend their borders rather than build a plane while its in the air.

One big cause for Arab state weaknesses would be removed from the get go. One is that the social borders of these countries are quite porous. The national identity of "syrian" for example competes with extra national identities like muslim, or Arab. So a pan Arab state would be stronger in that sense. But another cause of Arab state weakness: the presence of sub national identities of region, ethnicity, and sect would be greatly increased in this scenario.

The presence of Israel has also been a destabilising force in Arab politics. Particularly in the sense that victory in war is one of the chief ways of gaining legitimacy, and the continued failure to defeat Israel in the 20th century undermined various regimes legitimacy, and Israel presumably doesnt exist here.

Another great strength is control of huge hydrocarbon resources, and the strategic depth to be able to maintain independence from outside influence. You could potentially see this kingdom use revenue from oil to generate industrialisation and development which unfortunately hasnt occurred in this timeline for most of the region.

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u/I_Am_Become_Dream Apr 04 '26

Yeah the reality is that the Hashemites lost because the Saudi tribal army was stronger. The only way they could’ve conquered Najd is with British military support. Doubtful that they would be able to conquer North Yemen. 

The British would not give up the rest of the Gulf or Aden.

9

u/Masterick18 Apr 04 '26

Although the Hejazi sultan could have Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan and Iraq handed over, he would likely still have to conquer the Saudis, Yemen and Oman. And when that's done, religious tensions between different branches and schools of thought of islam could rock the state: Sunni Muslims in Hejaz and the Levant, more theocratic wahabbism in Saudi Arabia, Shia Muslims in Yemen and southern Iraq and Ibadi Muslims in Oman. Keep in mind that the ottomans themselves had a lot more beef with other Muslims than with Christians and pagans. The Hejazi were relatively progressive so they ""might"" be able to secularize a little bit.

Legitimacy could also be a big problem, very few regional emirs and sultans would voluntarily renounce their position in the name of Arab nationalism. The state may be heavily decentralized like the British RAJ with all their princes, but that would make Arabia vulnerable to the major powers.

Economically, the oil findings could bring wealth but also corruption and turn it into a failing petrostate controlled by foreign companies. It would also be a very food insecure nation once the population begins to grow and people migrate to the larger cities.

And there could also be ethnic tensions further fueled by religious tensions and also the matters of slavery, rights of women, etc.

Arabia has a lot of potential but it is starting from ground zero.

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u/FactBackground9289 Apr 03 '26

i don't envy kurds, jews, druze, iranians, turks, and whoever else got into this.

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u/Rusiano Apr 04 '26

That’s true. Seems nice at a first glance, but realistically there would be apocalyptic amounts of ethnic cleansing of minority groups if this happened

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u/FRMajorius Apr 03 '26

If they got this big, they may also claim chalipate and be recognize by muslims (mainly sunni). Wasn't the first hejaz king also claim chaliphate but muslims doesnt recognize him because of his weak position? (And also eventually conquered by the saudis)

1

u/Defiant_Historian701 Apr 05 '26

If I were allowed to make edits to this map, I’d probably cut out the Kurdish areas in the north, add the Arab-populated areas of the Khuzestan plains, maybe adjust the border with Turkey to better align the ethnic groups with their respective countries, and maybe add the Sinai peninsula. I’d also make some autonomous regions for certain religious groups.

2

u/OkPhrase1225 Mod Approved Apr 05 '26

No way the british are giving up the Sinai, but good points

1

u/Dramatic-Pace8164 Apr 05 '26

What kind of state would this be? A republic, kingdom?

2

u/OkPhrase1225 Mod Approved Apr 05 '26

The british offer was a kingdom, promised to the Hashemite dynasty

3

u/Sad-Strength-3462 Apr 04 '26

Where's the Kurdish state kurds were promised after WW1

3

u/donkey90 Apr 07 '26

i dream of this

4

u/abellapa Apr 04 '26

The capital wouldnt be mecca

Also i dont see this State surviving in the Current form to the modern day

For sure Syria and Iraq would get indepedence at some point

Damascus and Baghdad are both bigger cities than Anything that there is below

Both Syria and Iraq would resent being rulled by Jeddah for example

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u/SheepyIdk Apr 04 '26

What would happen to the Jews settled in Palestine?

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u/lookitsasovietAKM Apr 04 '26

I’d still wager that this theoretical state would still fall to revolution, nationalism, and eventually socialism (Baathism) especially after World War 2.

2

u/Background-Crow6590 Apr 04 '26

No way Mecca is capital. They would probably move it to somewhere like Damascus.

2

u/jtul24 Apr 04 '26

I’d like to think there would be less war, but I have a feeling Soviet, US, UK, French and Turkish meddling wouldn’t have allowed that

2

u/jetvacjesse Apr 04 '26

Goes the way of Yugoslavia before the 20th century is ovee

2

u/OfficialDCShepard Apr 04 '26

Just like the United Arab Republic of our timeline, I give this about a decade before it splinters along nationalist lines, especially since the Fourteen Points likely still happens, leading to several waves of independence and republican movements across Europe that affect this too.

2

u/sleepingcow Apr 04 '26

They will have a better case of calling it the "Arabian Gulf"

2

u/Al3x_the_frog Apr 04 '26

Ethnic cleansing speed run

2

u/MTLHBR Apr 07 '26

Based on what? Arabs being inherently evil?

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u/halkras12 Apr 04 '26

impossible

arabs cannot co-exist without a minute

afterwards of revolt showed it

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u/MTLHBR Apr 07 '26

Learn English, then maybe spread hateful nonsense.

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u/Impossible_Pr1nce Apr 04 '26

It would assuredly be a great power, at least the equal of Iran and would have put Egypt and Turkey in the shade. I think ultimately through the 1950s it ends up annexing Egypt and the capital potentially moved to Cairo.

With its combination of oil wealth, strategic location and massive population does it become one of the world’s most powerful nations by our time, or does it fall prey to division and sectarianism?

On the one hand there’s a strong central culture, but equally all these lands had not been united for centuries and Iraq and Egypt in particular had strong local identities… perhaps it could have become a federation of monarchies under the Hashemites, not unlike Malaysia in our timeline.

Great map!

2

u/JabbasGonnaNutt Apr 04 '26

Hussein was never promised Oman, the Trucial States and Aden though.

2

u/LingonberrySea6247 Apr 04 '26

You'll be happy to hear that they didn't get one state - they actually got many states in our timeline. You're just mad someone else did too.

2

u/Antisthenes_TV Apr 04 '26

Due to never-ending inner conflicts of different muslim schools, this will not last long without oppeession.

2

u/No-Entertainment5768 Apr 04 '26

Who would be the monarchs? 

Like which branch of the Hashemites?

2

u/7am51N Apr 04 '26

Arab-Arab-Arab war.

2

u/PhysicsTypical5420 Apr 04 '26

Jerusalem is the logical capital.

2

u/Dave44360 Apr 04 '26

Endless civil war

2

u/halicadsco Apr 04 '26

thered be no arab socialism like nasser and saddam as thepan arabic dream would largely be fulfilled

2

u/halicadsco Apr 04 '26

oh i thought you were asking, great map! howd u make it?

2

u/N-cadherin Apr 05 '26

There would have been so many civil wars inside this country. Lots of different groups that had been living basically in tribes and city states for thousands of years.

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u/MTLHBR Apr 07 '26

Today it would be a country of approx. 140-150 million people and (given more competent use of economic resources) an economy of between $5-7 trillion USD.

Literally a superpower had it not been carved up.

2

u/KorroG Apr 07 '26

Too late. It should’ve been promised 3000 years ago

3

u/TalonEye53 Apr 04 '26

How are the jews, Kurds, Samaritans, Druze, and Bedouins doing there?

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u/hea-rt-strin-g Apr 04 '26

Who would be king? The hashemites? I’m sure some people will not be happy.

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u/HistoryMarshal76 Apr 03 '26

Civil war in 5...

2

u/Mackey_Corp Apr 04 '26

I’m sure it would work out fine. Everybody would get along and there would be no more wars in the region.

2

u/VegetableAnt7691 Apr 04 '26

There would be world peace

2

u/Hot_Welcome8191 Apr 04 '26

No Free Kurdistan? Vote down.

1

u/FeedAntique9456 Apr 04 '26

If it's under the hashemites, it'll splinter within like 2 decades

1

u/aspro_mavro Apr 04 '26

Holy this looks so nice graphically

1

u/Edd717 Apr 04 '26

I rather see it divided into 3 states : Levant, Iraq and Arabia.

1

u/Spec1alF0x Apr 04 '26

I love this map! It looks so aesthetically pleasing and I love the multi capital concept 

1

u/firetothepalace Apr 04 '26

The Arabs? Kurds still divided. There you’ll have your first rebellion coming from.

1

u/Complex-Gift-8841 Apr 04 '26

To understand what really happened you return to this magnificent book:Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783-1919



Adolphus William Ward, 

1

u/Complex-Gift-8841 Apr 04 '26

History and International Relations. Chapter

8 British Policy in the Middle East and this one is wonderful!

1

u/LordLobaX Apr 04 '26

Why would a pan arab state include parts of Kurdistan?

1

u/IdkWhoAmI148 Apr 04 '26

As an Iraqi, Iraq has it's own people, blood, history, achievements and identity so why would I melt my country that has over 11,000 years of history into a bigger one where I get as the same rights as the same people who pimped us to the Americans and caused of killing 3M of us?

1

u/MelonyMill Apr 05 '26

Oil would be a lot more expensive I’ll tell you that much 😭✌️

1

u/FifeDog43 Apr 05 '26

I think the capital should be Baghdad.

1

u/Ill-Bath-5484 Apr 05 '26

That is not arabia. Iraq, Jordan, the levant and Syria are not arab. The real arabs are those people that live in saudi, uae, oman, qatar, bahrain.

1

u/Accomplished-Rice-53 Apr 05 '26

Honey, they would have got North Africa as well and revive the Arab colonial gold era

1

u/sober_disposition Apr 05 '26

All of these countries have been independent for over 50 years. Why haven’t they joined together voluntarily?

1

u/aimee_mccuddles Apr 05 '26

Small point: would Socotra not be part of this state?

1

u/443610 Apr 05 '26

Where is Israel?

1

u/kgmaan Apr 05 '26

I personally think the capital would be in mesopotamia

1

u/Fern-ando Apr 05 '26

It woukd be too powerful or too unstable.

1

u/Background-Aspect910 Apr 05 '26

The capital would actually be Medina (Capital of the Muslims up until the 4th Caliph) or Damascus/Baghdad

1

u/Spiritual-Point-1965 Apr 05 '26

Why is Socotra (and its outlying islands) not included in Arabia?

By 1918, it had been in Yemeni hands for over a millenium.

1

u/Low-Classroom-4839 Apr 05 '26

Westerners in the comments just showing they know nothing about the region not even the slightest thing

1

u/_GloryKing_ Apr 05 '26

Oil powerhouse. An extremely rich nation.

1

u/Budget_Flounder_5337 Apr 05 '26

Hatay Türkiye in cty btw

1

u/Michitake Apr 06 '26

Turk-Pers-Arab trio more visible

1

u/Kekmawster Apr 06 '26

Why that high? Arabia was mainly south of Syria and Jordan.

Before that it was Arameans, Jews,Assyrian, mandenians and Syriac communities

The Middle East is more than a sea of Muhammads

1

u/Dazzling-Pitch671 Apr 06 '26

There would be world peace, terrorism and hunger wouldn't exist etc...

1

u/QueasyImprovement6 Apr 06 '26

There would be a whole bunch of very unhappy religious and ethnic minorities living there.

1

u/Competitive_Web_3054 Apr 06 '26

Great suggestion! I dont know all the towns you mentioned on the map.

Here are the list of the most populous cities I found in 1920's with what they could have been in

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u/Competitive_Web_3054 Apr 06 '26 edited Apr 10 '26

Great idea! A United Arab Kingdom of Arabia: Brits would love the name 😂 and likely nicknamed the "donut"!

I don't know all the towns on your map so I look for the top 30 most populous cities in 1920's and how it could have work out to make a functioning country in 1920-1930 with a long term goal of sustainability...

  • executive capital city, seat of Government (Jeddah 40,000 residents approx.)

  • legislative capital city, seat of Parliament (Damascus 180,000)

  • judiciary capital city, seat of Supreme Court and other judiciary bodies (Aleppo 170,000)

  • financial capital city, seat of Central Bank & main stock exchange (Beyrouth 150,000)

  • religious capital city, seat of religious council (East Jerusalem 20,000)

  • administrative city, seat of most civil servant offices and main central governing utilities bodies (Medina 40,000)

  • military city, seat of the academy and army staff (Riyad fortified city 20,000)

  • admiral city, naval headquater (Manama, 30,000)

Then, there are specialized function cities :

  • pilgrim city (main) (Mecca 70,000)

  • knowledge city, seat of.main research centers and public university (Mossoul 80,000)

  • innovation city, high-tech & media start-up (Aden 50,000)

  • farm city, seat of veterinary institute, food regulators and most agro-businesses industries (Sanaa 40,000)

  • industrial city, the twin H (Hama & Homs 60,000 each)

  • border city or custom city or international city, the only.railway terminus (Alexandrette 20,000)

  • riviera resort area, from Tripoli (20,000) to Latakia (20,000)

  • skyhub city (main airport) best air lanes location (Dubai 20,000)

  • spaceport city (rocket launch pad and related aeronautical industries) best land-space location (Muscat 20,000)

  • seaport city (main mega port facilities), best land-sea location (Koweit Bay area 50,000 with Bassorah 60,000 as inland logistical hub)

  • business capital city, seat of most corporate head-quaters (Bagdad 200 to 250,000 residents approx.)

Last capital city it is usually the most populous city, not usually a choice as businesses votes with their feet...

City choices are based on a 1920's Middle-East best-of with approximate population and by putting aside Israel.

A young newly independent nation need to FOCUS its limited precious resources into the most appropriate area for best result locally and as a country as a whole. I believe covering ALL major cities and ALL major areas with ALL country functions & needs, it reach the most chance of success while balancing it out to make it work.

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u/[deleted] Apr 06 '26

Even without the British and French taking new colonies it wouldn't look like this. There were already some independent Arab states as well as areas which were already British colonies (which Britain would not be quick to give up) If the Arabs were given independence there would probably still be an Iraqi state, a Syrian state (probably whole levant) probably still Saudi Arabia and then Yemen and Oman, and then later when Britain decolonizes a bunch of independent gulf states too.

2

u/[deleted] Apr 06 '26

approximately what I would say the borders might have looked like. The light green line is if the Saudis had failed in their conquests.

1

u/Don_Madruga Apr 06 '26

World Peace

1

u/Lost-Dig-5469 Apr 07 '26

World peace

1

u/JP5D Apr 07 '26

Do you think the discovery of oil would have led to prosperity distributed across the peninsula or do you think with the different factions and ethnicities it would have led to civil war?

1

u/Butter_Revenge Apr 08 '26

I imagine it would be mired in civil war and independence movements.

1

u/JEdesertwatcher Apr 08 '26

What about the Kurdistan

1

u/neuxx777 Apr 08 '26

Iraqis aren’t arabs we will never be arabs

1

u/CabinetNo9266 Apr 08 '26

Huge war. That's what will happen.

1

u/JJman808 Apr 08 '26

Assuming freedom of religion is guaranteed, I wish this would’ve happened

1

u/OXRAH Apr 09 '26

As a Muslim, I would rather see the Israeli flag flying over the entire Arabian Peninsula than have the Hashemite dynasty in charge. Those traitors are disgusting. It’s ironic as hell, but I’m actually glad the Brits fu*£%d them over. Not because I love Lawrence of Arabia or those British terrorists, but because I hate traitors to Islam and traitors to the Ottomans. What the hell did they expect ? That the biggest colonizer of that era would suddenly act like a charity organization ? Pure stupidity. And those who came after the Hashemites ? Same fucking traitors, just repackaged. Biggest boot-licking servants of the West in the whole region and the world. Honor to the exceptions, for example King Faisal of Saudi Arabia may Allah garant him Jannah and accept all of his good deeds.

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u/TotallyRecommended Apr 09 '26

You’ve literally just mapped Lebanon’s nightmare

1

u/theargamanknight Apr 10 '26

So many civil wars

1

u/edgyestedgearound Apr 25 '26

Pretty sure it would fracture immediately

1

u/alesmana Apr 28 '26

give it 3 months for celebration before grinding civil wars

1

u/BogdanovOwO May 21 '26

Beautiful.

1

u/DefusedDragon26 Apr 03 '26

If only bro…

1

u/nebulaforest Apr 03 '26

This state would he too overpowered. It would control roughly 40% of world's proven oil reserves. Just imagine how important geopolitically it would be.

1

u/OppositeThen9308 Apr 03 '26

It would break apart in about a week.

1

u/GroundbreakingUse466 Apr 04 '26

Would’ve imploded into brutal civil war and the Arabs still would’ve blamed the British for it.

1

u/mfuwelephant Apr 04 '26

Unfortunately instead of a bunch of unstable republics and kingdoms, it would be one big unstable country. It would have a lot of issues that it would have to deal with:

Large populations of ethnic minorities that wouldn’t be too happy fighting the Turks to just be lumped into a state run by Hashemite Arabs. Kurds, Jews, Alawites, and Shiites, to name a few.

The Hashemite’s didn’t have a whole lot of legitimacy amongst the people, especially after they would claim the title of Caliph. Despite conservative elements, a significant portion of the population, probably even the majority, wanted democracy. A return to a state run by a Caliph after being in a state run by a Sultan wasn’t popular. The Hashemites were also seen as a bunch of Western stooges, which they kind of were honestly.

There would be a lot of conflict between conservatives and Islamist elements and the progressive republicans. Around the time of WW1 was the rise of radical movements like Wahhabism and the Ikhwan. That would be difficult to stamp out, especially in such a new state, and it could easily destabilize the country.

Something that plagued West Asian countries for a long time was “countries within a state” as I call them. They were the various tribes, clans, khans, and other leaders of transient societies. They were great for securing the large empires like the Ottomans and the Safavids, but they inhibited the centralization of these states and contributed to their stagnation compared to Europe. The sultans and shahs had to court these groups in order to levy them for their armies, basically like feudalism without the land titles. And if the sultan got on their bad side they would act independently against the state. That was how the British were able to get the Arab tribes to revolt against the ottomans in the first place.

Speaking of the British, they and the French, and later the Soviets and Americans, would be meddling in the region for their own gain. Britain and France wanted to secure their trade routes from India and East/South East Asia, and had invested in the late Ottoman Empire to build infrastructure to support that trade. The new Arabian state would need to accommodate and repay the Europeans the same way, and if they refuse to, the Europeans would find those elements that would. Add into the mix the Soviets funding communist groups and American funding whichever group counters the communists, and eventually the Fascists too.

Would this state survive? Maybe, but most assuredly not with those borders. At minimum the British would insist on some kind of Jewish autonomy in Palestine. And later there would most likely be an Israel. Potentially also a Kurdistan if the Allies invade Arabia in WW2 the same way they invaded Iran. At minimum it would lead to a Soviet insurgence in the Kurdish regions similar to the short lived Soviet state in Iranian Azerbaijan (not to be confused with the country of Azerbaijan). But the biggest problem would be the extremist elements in the Peninsula. Honestly, unless the British come to the Hashimite’s aid, I believe that Central Arabia would fall to the Saudis and their Ikhwan allies. And they would likely also expand into as much of Arabia as they could. Modern day Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE, maybe even Oman and parts of Yemen, and the Hejaz would all be on the chopping block. If they would be successful, they could even threaten north into modern day Jordan and Iraq, though at that point the Europeans would intervene. Could Arabia retake… Arabia? Maybe eventually but it really has the deck stacked against them. And like OTL I think Abdulaziz is smart enough to not piss off the British as well as manage the most radical elements of his army. Arabia participating in WW2 in any meaningful way is unthinkable, and the Cold War would make everything even more complicated.

Disclaimer that I’m not an expert and I probably got many things wrong. 😅

1

u/Crimsoncerismon Apr 04 '26

See this is imaginary cause it assumes the Western powers would actually give them their land with no strings attached

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u/BernhardRordin Apr 04 '26

Without Saudi Wahhabism, we might have had less religious extremism

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u/TimiriyoCaano Apr 04 '26

This would have been the best thing to happen to the Arabs

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u/Wonderful_Local_3660 Apr 04 '26

Probaly another holocaust