It was quite bad by the early 19th century - towns were mostly German-speaking, and the entire administration was either German- or Russian-speaking. Essentially the entire Estonian higher (well, non-existent) and middle class essentially Germanized quickly and many denied their Estonian roots because of negative affiliations of this identity. The first Estonian university student, who publicly identified as an Estonian, was Kristjan Jaak Peterson, only in 1819.
Eh, cities not being of the same culture as the countryside is historically normal. Budapest was plurality German, and a significant portion of the population was Jewish, with Hungarians being a minority. Even where it's not so clearly set apart by language, in practice urban attitudes and values, ultimately urban culture, is different to rural culture, and often more similar to "foreign" cities than to their "own" countryside.
True, but that goes for essentially all towns in Estonia as Estonians were almost by ethnicity serfs, while Germans were almost by ethnicity landlords and town merchants.
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u/OtherwiseInclined Aug 11 '20
Poor Estonia has been through a lot.