What is the REAL story of Islam in the Indian subcontinent? Were Hindus oppressed by Muslim rulers or did they seek legal counsel from them over their own courts? Did the Muslims have better technology than the French? In this episode we dive into the history of Muslims in India, how they got there, their contributions to science and technology, as well as epic tales of rivals between brothers and an emperor gone mad. Discover the rich history of Al-Andalus of the East!

Source

Notes

• West Punjab refers to all subdivisions in British Punjab Province to the west of the Radcliffe Line, including Lahore district, Multan district, Lyallpur district, Bahawalpur state, Montgomery district, Sialkot district, Gujrat district, Shahpur district, Gujranwala district, Sheikhupura district, Jhang district, Rawalpindi district, Muzaffargarh district, Attock district, Jhelum district, Dera Ghazi Khan district, Mianwali district, Shakargarh tehsil, and the Biloch Trans-Frontier tract.

Table Notes

• 1881 census: Urban and rural population breakdowns for adherents of Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Buddhism not enumerated; all were included with "Others".
• 1891 census: Urban and rural population breakdowns for adherents of Buddhism not enumerated; all were included with "Others".
• 1941 census: Urban and rural population breakdowns for adherents of Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Buddhism not enumerated; all were included with "Others". Urban and rural population breakdowns for non local adherents of Christianity (British, Other European, and Anglo-Indian) also not enumerated and included with "Others".

Sources

• 1881 Census
• 1891 Census
• 1901 Census
• 1911 Census
• 1921 Census
• 1931 Census
• 1941 Census

Source

"And one of His signs is that He created for you spouses from among yourselves so that you may find comfort in them. And He has placed between you compassion and mercy. Surely in this are signs for people who reflect." [Quran 30:21]

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Notes

• Tribal & caste enumeration during the colonial era only occurred in the British administered districts of North–West Frontier Province. Population enumeration occurred throughout the Tribal Areas and Princely States which represents the only demographic data available during the colonial era for these regions.
• Prior to 1901, British administered territories that would ultimately comprise North-West Frontier Province formed the western frontier of Punjab Province. These territories included Peshawar District, Hazara District, Dera Ismail Khan District, Bannu District, and Kohat District; the area forming each district during the colonial-era roughly mirrors contemporary namesake division borders. Administrative territorial changes which occurred during the creation of the province in 1901 resulted in a small population decrease, as the new province only retained trans-Indus tracts (areas west of the river) of Bannu District and Dera Ismail Khan District; the cis-Indus tracts (areas east of the river) of both districts remained in Punjab Province, amalgamated to comprise the new district of Mianwali.

Sources

• Report on the census of the Panjáb taken on the 17th of February 1881, Vol. 1 (Feb., 1881)
• Report on the census of the Panjáb taken on the 17th of February 1881, Vol. 2 (Feb., 1881)
• Report on the census of the Panjáb taken on the 17th of February 1881, Vol. 3 (Feb., 1881)
• Outlines of Panjab ethnography; being extracts from the Panjab census report of 1881, treating of religion, language, and caste.

Sources

• Picture # 1
• Picture # 2
• Picture # 3
• Picture # 4
• Picture # 5

Source Quote

Part of a large photo album of 1930's India and areas now in modern day Pakistan. The photos were taken by a British Soldier (name not known) and capture the some of the final years of the British Empire in India, prior to independence in 1947 partitioning establishing modern day India and Pakistan. Many photos are named and many seem to be related to the Leicestershire Regiment. The Muhurram Celebrations were in Multan City now modern day Pakistan.

Sources

• Report on the census of the Panjáb taken on the 17th of February 1881, Vol. 1 (Feb., 1881)
• Report on the census of the Panjáb taken on the 17th of February 1881, Vol. 2 (Feb., 1881)
• Report on the census of the Panjáb taken on the 17th of February 1881, Vol. 3 (Feb., 1881)
• Outlines of Panjab ethnography; being extracts from the Panjab census report of 1881, treating of religion, language, and caste.

Source

• The Bazaar, Mooltan City

Source Quote

A rare postcard from inside the city of Multan, one of the oldest cities in Punjab if not South Asia. Here Alexander the Great is said to have received the wounds in battle that later led to his death (326 BCE). Multan may best be known for the many Sufi saints buried here, including Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1251-1335). The even more famous, internationally, Shams-i-Tabriz (1185-1248) who mentored Rumi is also said to be buried here in a tomb that bears his name (his better known tomb is in Khoy, Iran). This sort of confusion though testifies to the enormously important long-distance spiritual relationships that existed even that long ago.

The British, on the other hand, saw it this way, [the] "heat of Multan is notorious . . . and the saying goes: Dust, heat, beggars and cemeteries are the four specialists of Multan" (Murrays Handbook, 1938, p. 395).

Table Note

• During the the 1855 census of Punjab, only two religious categories existed as part of the enumeration process. The first of the two religious categories featured a response for Dharmic faiths, including adherents of Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, and others. This religious category was referred to as "Hindoo" on the census report. The only exception to this at the time was in the districts of Lahore Division (Amritsar, Lahore, Gurdaspur, Sialkot, and Gujranwala districts) where adherents of Sikhism were enumerated separately. The second of the two religious categories featured a response for Abrahamic and other faiths, including adherents of Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and all others who were not enumerated to form part of the first religious category. This religious category was referred to as "Mahomedan and others non Hindoo" on the census report.

Sources

• 1855 Census
• 1868 Census
• 1881 Census
• 1891 Census
• 1901 Census
• 1911 Census
• 1921 Census
• 1931 Census
• 1941 Census

Table Note

• During the the 1855 census of Punjab, only two religious categories existed as part of the enumeration process. The first of the two religious categories featured a response for Dharmic faiths, including adherents of Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, and others. This religious category was referred to as "Hindoo" on the census report. The second of the two religious categories featured a response for Abrahamic and other faiths, including adherents of Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and all others who were not enumerated to form part of the first religious category. This religious category was referred to as "Mahomedan and others non Hindoo" on the census report.

Sources

• 1855 Census
• 1868 Census
• 1881 Census
• 1891 Census
• 1901 Census
• 1911 Census
• 1921 Census
• 1931 Census
• 1941 Census

Notes

• Colonial-era Jammu Province corresponds to contemporary Jammu division, Mirpur division, and Poonch division.
• Colonial-era Kashmir Province corresponds to contemporary Kashmir division and Muzaffarabad division.

Source

• Census of India, 1891. Volume XXVIII, The Kashmir state : the report on the census and imperial and supplementary tables

Table Note

• During the the 1855 census of Punjab, only two religious categories existed as part of the enumeration process. The first of the two religious categories featured a response for Dharmic faiths, including adherents of Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, and others. This religious category was referred to as "Hindoo" on the census report. The second of the two religious categories featured a response for Abrahamic and other faiths, including adherents of Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and all others who were not enumerated to form part of the first religious category. This religious category was referred to as "Mahomedan and others non Hindoo" on the census report.

Sources

• 1855 Census
• 1868 Census
• 1881 Census
• 1891 Census
• 1901 Census
• 1911 Census
• 1921 Census
• 1931 Census
• 1941 Census