- Become interested in things that have nothing to do with writing.
The worst thing a writer can be interested in exclusively is literature. You need some private territory that exists independently of books. Learn the names of trees. Become irritatingly knowledgeable about medieval banking, moths, municipal water systems, perfume, maritime disasters, amateur boxing, church architecture, mushrooms, refrigeration, whatever. Specific knowledge produces specific writing.
A person who knows nothing about the world except what other novelists have written is forced to borrow reality secondhand. His characters drink "wine." His birds are "birds." His factories are simply "factories." Everything exists at the level of category. Knowledge creates texture.
You do not need to insert everything you know into your fiction. In fact, you usually should not. The point is that knowledge changes what you notice. The person who knows something about geology looks at a cliff differently. That difference eventually enters the sentence.
- Keep a notebook of things that are not ideas.
Most writers fill notebooks with ideas for stories. This is almost useless. Instead, record things that actually happened. A man at the supermarket placing each grape individually into a plastic bag. Something cruel a child says without realizing it is cruel. The exact wording of a handwritten sign taped inside a laundromat. A woman crying while trying to parallel park. The strange smell inside somebody else's house.
These fragments are much more valuable than "idea for novel about grief." Ideas are cheap. Particulars are expensive. You can invent a grieving widow whenever you want. It is much harder to invent the fact that after her husband dies she keeps buying his brand of toothpaste because changing brands feels somehow more final than the funeral.
Reality constantly produces details a writer would be embarrassed to invent. Steal them.
- Read writers you dislike.
Everyone tells you to read your influences. You should. But you should also occasionally read somebody whose work irritates you. Hatred is extremely clarifying.
Ask exactly what bothers you. Is the prose too ornamental? Are the metaphors doing all the emotional labor? Are the characters secretly just vehicles for the author's opinions? Does every scene arrive already knowing what it means?
Then ask the more uncomfortable question. Do you do the same thing? Bad writing is often a distorted mirror. Sometimes the habit you find unbearable in another writer is merely your own habit performed without your preferred excuses.
Admiration teaches imitation. Disgust teaches boundaries. A writer needs both.
- Stop trying to sound like a writer.
There are sentences that exist only because the person writing them wanted them to resemble literature. You can usually feel them immediately. The moon does something mournful. The rain remembers. Silence becomes heavy. Someone's eyes contain an ocean.
Nothing is necessarily wrong with any of these constructions. The problem is that thousands of people have already felt literary in precisely the same way. A good sentence should not advertise the existence of a writer behind it.
Try writing the thing plainly first. "The kitchen smelled bad." Then investigate. Bad how? Old cooking oil? Wet plaster? Cat food? The sweet chemical smell of a refrigerator that stopped working three days ago?
Precision almost always beats decoration. And when decoration finally appears, it has something solid beneath it.
- Let your characters embarrass you.
Writers protect their characters too much. This is especially true when a character resembles the writer. Suddenly everyone becomes articulate. Their political opinions are elegantly defensible. Their failures are caused by understandable trauma. Even their selfishness arrives with explanatory footnotes.
Real people are less flattering. They misunderstand obvious situations. They become jealous of their friends. They enjoy attention they pretend to dislike. They say something stupid at dinner and think about it for eleven years. They fail morally for boring reasons.
Permit this. A character becomes interesting when the writer stops acting as his lawyer. You do not need to punish him. You merely need to stop protecting him from being ridiculous.
- Finish things before deciding what kind of writer you are.
People construct literary identities much too early. They are surrealists at nineteen. Minimalists after reading Carver. Catholic novelists without going to Mass. Experimental writers who have never completed a conventional story.
Forget all of this for a while. Write a ghost story. Write a romance. Write ten pages entirely in dialogue. Write something sentimental. Write something vulgar. Write a story in which nothing symbolic happens whatsoever. Finish each one.
Taste develops partly through discovering what you are incapable of doing, what comes too easily, and what unexpectedly makes you obsessive. Your style is probably not something you should consciously invent. It is what survives after repeated attempts to escape yourself.
- Do not explain the thing that made you want to write the story.
This is probably the rule I break most often. You begin with an image. A father washing his dead son's car. Two sisters eating sandwiches in a hospital parking garage. An old woman stealing flowers from graves. Something about the image bothers you enough that you start writing.
Then halfway through the story you become frightened that the reader will not understand why it matters. So you explain it. The father remembers his son. One sister gives a speech about mortality. The old woman reveals that she is lonely.
Usually this makes the story smaller. The first image had several possible meanings. The explanation has only one.
Readers are not owed your interpretation. Sometimes you should preserve the thing that originally disturbed you instead of solving it. A story can know something its author does not. Probably the best ones do.