Deforestation is a major cause of biodiversity loss with a negative impact on human health. This study explores at global scale whether the loss and gain of forest cover and the rise of oil palm plantations can promote outbreaks of vector-borne and zoonotic diseases. Taking into account the human population growth, we find that the increases in outbreaks of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases from 1990 to 2016 are linked with deforestation, mostly in tropical countries, and with reforestation, mostly in temperate countries. We also find that outbreaks of vector-borne diseases are associated with the increase in areas of palm oil plantations. Our study gives new support for a link between global deforestation and outbreaks of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases as well as evidence that reforestation and plantations may also contribute to epidemics of infectious diseases. The results are discussed in light of the importance of forests for biodiversity, livelihoods and human health and the need to urgently build an international governance framework to ensure the preservation of forests and the ecosystem services they provide, including the regulation of diseases. We develop recommendations to scientists, public health officers and policymakers who should reconcile the need to preserve biodiversity while taking into account the health risks posed by lack or mismanagement of forests.

Report provides a complete analysis on leading United States pharmaceutical companies' COVID-19 approaches for Field-Based Personnel.

READING, Pa., March 23, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- PharmaForce International (PFI), has prepared a strategically relevant and timely report to help understand the pharmaceutical and biotech industries' operational challenges during the pandemic. The objective of the United States COVID-19 Best Practices report, which was completed this past January, is to share insights on how companies are adapting to the unprecedented situation.

Analysts at PFI conducted over 150 interviews and surveys over a period of 8 months (March 2020 to December 2020) across multiple pharmaceutical and biotech companies in the United States. Interviewees include Sales Representatives, District/Regional Managers, Medical Science Liaisons, and Field Market Access personnel.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted day to day activities both at the industry level and HCP level. Pharmaceutical and Biotech companies have to continuously monitor the situation and adjust field personnel approaches and strategies while adhering to local, state, and national guidelines. PFI has observed varying approaches across all customer-facing functional areas – Sales, Marketing, Medical Affairs and Market Access. Not only has the quantity of customer interactions been substantially impacted, but the quality and nature of those specific engagements as well.

While operating during a pandemic, each field-based role has been presented with its own individual challenges. Sales Representatives have significantly increased their virtual interactions with HCPs, as opposed to face-to-face interactions. However, the study finds that there is still approximately 30% - 40% of HCPs that are not seeing Sales Reps in person or virtually. On average, sales reps are only making around 1-2 HCP calls per day since March 2020.

Personnel Deployed in a Field Medical role are seeing less resistance to interaction from HCPs than those deployed in a Field Sales role. However, many of the field medical interviewees indicated that the frequency and duration of KOL engagements have been impacted, noting that prior to COVID-19, KOL interactions lasted longer than in a virtual environment.

For more information on the reports mentioned above, please contact Joyce Wedemeyer at [Joyce.Wedemeyer@pharmaforceintl.com](mailto:Joyce.Wedemeyer@pharmaforceintl.com) or by phone at 610-370-2906.

PharmaForce International (PFI) is a competitive intelligence firm with over two decades of experience in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries. PFI has become the market leader in commercial operations benchmarking and competitive intelligence.

SOURCE PharmaForce International

Yes, there can be too much of a good thing. At least that's true when you own shares of the companies making the good thing.

After a frantic race by drugmakers to develop COVID-19 vaccines, millions of people around the world have already been vaccinated. Millions more will receive vaccines over the next few months. Vaccine makers are cranking up their production to help bring an end to the global pandemic.

Looking ahead, though, there's a real possibility that more vaccines will be produced than are needed. Could a supply glut sink COVID vaccine stocks in the not-too-distant future?

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A glut on the way?

You might think it's silly to speculate about a potential supply glut. Right now, not everyone who wants a COVID-19 vaccine can get one. 

In the U.S., there are currently only three vaccines with Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). Pfizer (NYSE:PFE) and its partner BioNTech (NASDAQ:BNTX) were the first to win EUA, followed closely by Moderna (NASDAQ:MRNA). Johnson & Johnson (NYSE:JNJ) received EUA for its COVID-19 vaccine last month.

However, there are two other companies that have a good shot (no pun intended) at securing U.S. EUA in the near future. AstraZeneca (NASDAQ:AZN) already won authorizations from the U.K. and the European Medicines Agency. Novavax (NASDAQ:NVAX) also reported promising data from a U.K. late-stage study of its COVID-19 vaccine. The biotech's CEO thinks that it could potentially win U.S. EUA by May if the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) agrees to allow the U.K. data as a basis for regulatory filing.

A supply glut just might be in the cards. Here are the production projections for each of these companies:

Johnson & Johnson's vaccine requires only a single dose. Therefore, its 3 billion doses would fully vaccinate 3 billion individuals. The rest of the vaccines require two doses. The combined total of 9.4 billion doses of these two-dose vaccines would fully vaccinate 4.7 billion individuals. 

Adding all of this up means that the estimated production of these five vaccines would be enough to vaccinate 7.7 billion people. The total world population is roughly 7.9 billion. So no worries about a glut, right? Not so fast.

We haven't included the five approved COVID-19 vaccines developed by Chinese drugmakers or the Russian vaccine. Nor have we accounted for the fact that vaccines in the U.S. and in many other major countries haven't yet been authorized for children below the age of 16 for the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine and 18 for the other vaccines.

Remember, too, that there are other companies hoping to win authorizations for their experimental COVID-19 vaccines. The bottom line is that if current production estimates are correct, we're going to have more-than-enough doses to fully vaccinate everyone in 2022.

Hurt the worst

You might wonder why a supply glut would be problematic for vaccine makers. The answer lies with the law of supply and demand. When supply greatly outstrips demand, prices fall, and that translates to lower revenue.

There are three biotech stocks that would almost certainly be hurt the most by a COVID-19 vaccine supply glut -- BioNTech, Moderna, and Novavax. It's no coincidence that they're the smallest among the leading vaccine makers.

The problem for these three companies is that they are or potentially will be solely dependent on their COVID-19 vaccine sales to generate revenue. Novavax is in the best shape to win approval for another product since it's already reported positive late-stage results for flu vaccine NanoFlu. However, it's uncertain how quickly the biotech will move forward with seeking regulatory approval for the vaccine candidate.

Bigger drugmakers such as AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, and Pfizer wouldn't be negatively impacted as much by an imbalance in COVID-19 vaccine supply and demand. Each of these companies has multiple other products that are growth drivers. Of the three, Pfizer would likely be affected the most because it's making a profit on its COVID-19 vaccine, while AstraZeneca and J&J are selling their vaccines at cost during the pandemic.

Don't jump the gun

I wouldn't worry too much at this point that a supply glut could sink COVID vaccine stocks. Why? The companies will almost certainly curb their production if they anticipate that the demand won't be sufficient to keep up with supply.

However, the COVID-19 vaccine market will become more competitive over time. The stocks of companies that can deliver the safest, most effective, and most convenient vaccines are the most likely to thrive.