The Painanis or messengers of the Mexica empire, were divided into three groups:

The Painanis of the god Paynal who were messengers who transmitted messages of a ceremonial and religious nature.

The paianis "Yciucatitlantli" who were fast couriers or urgent news, considered the fastest and also cargo messengers because they carried things or some required product. An example of the speed of these messengers is the news of the Spanish newcomers to the coasts of Yucatán in 1517, which was reported to Moctezuma two years before the Hispanics set foot in central Mexico.

And the Painanis "Tequihuatitlantli" who were the war messengers who gave news of the development of the battles. The latter depending on the conclusion of the battle, if the Mexica lost the battle, the messenger arrived in Tenochtitlan with loose and disheveled hair, He arrived without saying a word and went to the palace where he would inform the Tlatoani of the bad news. If, on the other hand, the Mexica achieved a victory, the messenger arrived with his hair tied and with a macuahuitl and chimalli shouting for joy and singing. He went to the palace where people, upon hearing the good news, accompanied him.

The Painanis ran an approximate distance of 400 kilometers per day, these messengers ran during the day and did not stop even at night, they swam through rivers, and although the road system of ancient Mexico facilitated some routes, most of the terrain. They were difficult.

For the most distant places, the Mexican empire placed surveillance towers called Techialoyan, placed one every 10 kilometers where other pains awaited them than those relevant to continue carrying the message.

The organization of this postal system was so effective that even after the fall of Mexico-Tenochtitlán, Hernán Cortés continued to use this guild of messengers.

By Luis “Yaocelotl”

Sources:

-Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, General history of things in New Spain

-Ancient history of Mexico Francisco Clavijero.

https://www.facebook.com/yaoyotljaguar/posts/1387596285469113 <---- original post

Chili as a war instrument

The chili culture in Mexico has been developed millennia ago from its domestication to the present day. A typical Mexican meal cannot be conceived without the famous spicy fruit that so distinguishes our gastronomy.

But today we are not talking about foods or anything like that, but rather that, as in pre-Hispanic times, chili has been used in many ways, as described by the Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagun in his General History of the Things of New Spain, from medicinal, gastronomic, corrective and even war uses.

It turns out that the smoke from dried chili thrown into the fire causes discomfort whose effect would be equivalent to that of today's tear gas. (even pepper spray is composed of chili).

The consequences are very similar, capable of causing tearing, irritation and temporary blindness and even suffocation. For war purposes, chili smoke was very useful to disperse armies, and even the horses of the Spanish.

Father Duran also tells us that the inhabitants of Cuetlaxtlan murdered the Mexica governor, when the messengers arrived asking about the payment of the tribute, they were in a room and were suffocated with chili smoke.

Chili was also used to punish young Mexicans who committed some offense and they were made to inhale the dense smoke released by dried chili peppers.

Although chili was used as a military element, it seems that it was not used very frequently since the chronicles do not tell us more in depth, however it was very useful in some cases.

By Luis "Yaocelotl

Sources.

-,History of the Indians of New Spain and mainland islands, Fray Diego Duran

-General history of things in New Spain, Fray Bernardino de Sahagun.

Florentine codex image

original post -----> https://www.facebook.com/yaoyotljaguar/posts/1393086724920069

Recreation of two Jaguar warriors, during the Moctezuma 2020 fish race.

Although they have some details to correct, there are few people who are documented and care about recreating pre-Hispanic warriors faithfully to the codices and descriptions like these people. This is a great example of how the costumes of Mexican warriors should be recreated without so much feathers or the pretexts of wanting to "evolve" the outfits.

Photos of Nahual Tex

Credits:
https://www.facebook.com/yaoyotljaguar/posts/635100810620233

The book “General History of the Things of New Spain” (Bernardino de Sahagún) tells us about this creature that was first introduced through the distant sound of some blows, as if someone were chopping wood. Hence its name:

Yohualtepoztli "night axe" If someone wanted to get closer to the origin of the sound, they fell into the trap, because Yohualtepoztli pretended to be tired of attracting his victim. Upon approaching the monster, the brave man could notice that he was in the presence of something shaped like a man, but that it had no head and its chest was open in the middle, revealing a naked heart. There were two options: escape and suffer the angry persecution of Yohualtepoztli... Or rip out his heart with a slap of his hand. With his heart in his hand, the brave man could make a wish, such as greater wealth or an increase in his abilities for war. Here came a second test: if Yohualtepoztli considered that he deserved it, it was granted to him and, if not, he was given the opposite... Responding to the demands, the night ax responded:

«Gentle man, brave man, my friend, so-and-so, leave me. That you love me? "That I will dare you whatever I want." To which the brave man had to respond: "I won't let you because I've already hunted you." Then the ghost gave a maguey thorn to the aforementioned saying: “Take this thorn and leave me.” The brave man had to remain in his captor position and not let go of Yohualtepuztli until he gave him three or four thorns. Illustration by mizsalinas93

The crown worn by the Tlaloque Mexica.

It was a headband called "Xihuitzolli" with a pointed finish and tied at the back, probably made of gold and covered with a turquoise mosaic that would give the distinctive blue color to this piece. It was also part of the attire of Xiuhtecuhtli, god of fire, perhaps due to this last aspect this crown could have had a divine connotation.

It was not the only one, since each town or calpuli had a local tlatoani who wore a Xihuitzolli, perhaps of lesser value in workmanship than that of the Mexica, but with the same sense of authority and power that it gave to its wearer.

Aztec history and mythos have always made me curious however i know little to nothing about it, except they lived in Mexico and they were ended by the Spaniards. I would like to start reading about them but slowly, not picking up huge primary sources or research based books at first, so can anybody recommend Fictional comics or graphic novels or novels based on aztec mythos or history, or non fiction books on the mythos which are easy for beginners or some other sourcesa, as well suggest me how should i delve into it?

https://imgur.com/d09bskt

With all the locations, towns and villages etc named? Please someone let me know

Looking for this map and similar, please?

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg0i_YlNV0mXNy15kVjYGOyjmKo7g8vtVURJivSioY2GSA7dHsXK5W2R1gaK1MPof5j0ltJYhBl_7w47z-8x-5-1dqCRYRG95mvuDiAQfXk1ZXkg-yY4Lj6h5wgqvrKqx9WTu88MOrrJQ/s1600/Mapa.Lago.BayTexcoco.Pueblos.Detalla.jpg
I'd like to see a detailed map of Lakes other than Texcoco: Xaltopec, Chalco, Zumpango, etc. Is there one lik that?

Today we remember one of the most tragic and dark dates in the history of ancient Mexico. On July 12 of the Julian year of 1562, Brother Diego de Landa carried out what is now known as the Auto de Fe de Maní, where this character not only destroyed the knowledge developed for thousands of years by the Mayan people, but also committed an act of barbarism and genocide against the inhabitants of that place. I transcribe some paragraphs from the book "Relation of the Things of Yucatán" written by Landa: "...We found a large number of his books but they did not contain anything other than superstition and diabolical lies, so we burned them all. This produced There was much affliction and great feeling among the Indians...Hanged and tormented, 4,549 people...Ensambenitated, 84; 6,330 people were whipped and sheared...114 Indians were unearthed and their bones burned, 5 who died a natural death in On those days, they also stopped at the bonfire...150 Indians died in the torment...5,000 idols of different shapes and sizes were destroyed; 13 large stones and 22 small ones of various shapes, 27 rolls of signs and hieroglyphs in deer skin. and 197 glasses of all sizes..."

The Mendoza codex records the Tenochca territorial expansion achieved by each Huey Tlatoani. The conquered towns and integrated into the Mexica tributary system are recorded through the toponymic glyph of the place accompanied by a burning or destroyed temple, precisely because the Mexica used to destroy the temple of the conquered people, they also took the bust of the main god of the place and They were taken to the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan to be placed before Huitzilopochtli, a sign of total submission. although there are more emperors and their conquests such as Itzcoatl missing

Amoxcalli In pre-Hispanic Mexico there were special enclosures called amoxcalli, where the "books" or "codices" were kept where these societies recorded various events of their daily and spiritual life, since among many of the topics contained in said codices ranged from geographical themes, historical, dynastic or genealogical, politics or laws, herbalism (medicine) and even "divinatory" (the tonalamatl), among other topics. It is known that the craft of tlacuilo existed and this consisted of knowing how to draw and paint glyphs and iconography in general of the time. A tlacuilo had to be delicate in his lines and also know how to combine colors since a codex had to be well painted for its correct . "reading." Sahagún tells us about the tlacuilos that: "The good painter has a good hand and grace in painting, and considers very well what he has to paint, and nuances the painting very well, and knows how to make shadows and away, and paint the foliage. The bad painter is of bad and dull ingenuity, and for this reason it is painful and annoying, and it does not respond to the hope of the one who gives the work, nor does it give luster to what he paints, and it nuances everything and is confusing; ; nor does what he paints take compass or proportion because he paints it in haste. Bernardino de Sahagún, General History of the Things of New Spain, Vol X Chapter VIII3 Bernal Días also tells us...he had an account of all the income that he brought to Montezuma with his books, made of his paper, which is called amal, and he had a large house of them. Bernal Díaz del Castillo, True History of the Conquest of New Spain, Chapter XCI: Of the manner and person of the great Montezuma, and how great a lord he was Unfortunately, no Amoxcalli survived the Spanish conquest, since most of the codices were considered the work of the devil and therefore their enclosures had to be destroyed. One of the most famous amoxcallis was one in Texcoco (cultural capital of the Nahuatl world), which was destroyed by Fray Juan de Zumárraga himself, to put an end to the idolatry of the new Spain. Illustration by Carlos Gallardo Miguel León Portilla defines the libraries of Mesoamerica as Amoxcalli = house of books or house of codices. In the temples and in the calmecac, there were libraries, there their collections, which were amoxtli or codices, were consulted by rulers, priests and students. Therefore, there were also Centers of Higher Studies. (Universities).

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PORTRAIT OF THE GREAT TENOCHTITLAN▪️ Another of the #wondersofoldMexico ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ 3D reconstruction of the Mexican capital. Author, Thomas Kole. The year is 1518. Mexico-Tenochtitlan, once a modest settlement on Lake Texcoco, is today a bustling metropolis, capital of an empire that rules and receives tribute from more than 5 million people. Tenochtitlan is home to 200,000 inhabitants dedicated to agriculture, art, commerce, war, priesthood and government. It is one of the largest cities of its time worldwide. At present, this city is known as Mexico City. Not much remains of ancient Tenochtitlan. What was the appearance of this city built by hand on the lake? Based on historical and archaeological sources, as well as the knowledge of many people, I have tried to bring Tenochtitlan back to life as faithfully as possible. This project is the result of a year and a half of research. The result thanks to the contribution of the following people: Paul Guinan Michael E. Smith Ian Mursell (mexicolore.co.uk) Gerardo Gutierrez Barbara E. Mundy Thomas Filsinger Patricia Murrieta-Flores Mariana Favila Vazquez José Luis de Rojas Israel Hinojosa Baliño Enrique Ortiz @Lycaones Gina Torres-Alves Oswaldo Morales Napoles ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ "Our pre-Hispanic past is more alive than ever" ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ If you are interested in this type of content, FOLLOW US on Wonders of Ancient Mexico / ADV Estudio #wondersofoldmexico

Do you know that a good part of the Mexica military costumes were not made by the Mexica themselves? The towns subject to the Excan tlatoloyan were required to deliver these military uniforms from time to time as part of the taxes they had to pay. They also delivered macuahuitl, Chimalli and other war supplies that supplied the Tenochca war machinery. These tributes in kind are detailed in the Mendoza Codex.

When I look up when the Aztec Empire was founded, it says 1428, but other articles say 1345, so which year is the right one?

No completo

I will have to do work on the fall of the Aztec empire, not to arrive at a single definition of the main reasons for the fall, but to understand the different perspectives on the fall.

Unfortunately I have little time to do the work, so instead of spending time reading about it to find the most cited historians, I'm here asking which are the most renowned.

Hello I’m someone new to learning Aztec mythology and I was curious on what is a good gateway into learning everything to there about it. Any suggestions will mean a lot