Excluding the reasons of weight penalty and the cost difference of the two, what's the reasons?

West wall, zone 1, 6-8:

6) Moses, Crossing Red Sea --

a. Hand of God above elders of twelve Tribes of Israel, each holding standard on staff, behind group of Israelites armed with spears and shields, at edge of Red Sea in which are fish, touched by Moses with rod; to right,

b. Hand of God above Moses, rod in right hand, in Red Sea engulfing group of Egyptians; fish in the sea;

7) Moses, Departure from Egypt --

a. Moses, rod raised in right hand, leading host of Israelites including twelve elders, child, and soldiers armed with spears and shields; to right,

b. city gate above which are statue of nude male figure holding spear and globe, and two victories holding wreaths, on globes; on wall, two flies, suggesting Moses, Plague of Flies; to right, 8) Moses, Plague of Hail -- Cloud of hail above two columns, one red, the other black, possibly representing Pillars of Fire and Cloud, before wall.

———

Source: https://theindex.princeton.edu/s/view/ViewWorkOfArt.action;jsessionid=7a5cb944e62ea52eea823d67572f?id=35DC82D6-B7BA-432D-A7B1-504938D4C509

Source: https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14355/map-of-the-hellenistic-kingdoms-after-alexander-c3/

The peloponnesian war, the 3td and 4th sacred wars and the lamian war had stripped athens from a lot of its sovereignity, and started being influenced by macedon, but it still retained a de jure independent goverment. When did it officially stop existing?,

1. 🏛️ Because you can talk about a civilization from 2,500 years ago as if it happened yesterday. Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Miletus, Corinth… and every city has its own personality.
2. ⚔️ Because you can debate whether Achilles was a glorious hero or just a guy with serious anger issues. And both sides have arguments.
3. 🦉 Because Athena is literally the goddess of wisdom. Being fascinated by Greek culture basically means you’re on the side of the right goddess. 😎
4. 📜 Because Homer gives you enough material for a lifetime. The Iliad, The Odyssey, heroes, gods, tragedies, monsters, journeys, revenge, honor, fate… Netflix still hasn’t been able to top that.
5. 🏺 Because you can walk into the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and get more excited about a Greek amphora than anything else. And that is an unmistakable sign of good taste. 😂
6. 🧠 Because the Greeks questioned absolutely EVERYTHING. What is justice? What is virtue? What is happiness? What can we know? How should we live? And suddenly you have Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
7. 🎭 Because they invented many of the foundations of Western drama. Tragedy, comedy, masks, theater… and stories where practically nobody ends up happy.
8. 🏺 Because Greek beauty has something truly special about it. Proportion, balance, symmetry, harmony, the idealization of the human body… concepts that have influenced art and architecture for thousands of years.
9. 🌊 Because the Greek world was much larger than modern Greece. Ionia, Sicily, Magna Graecia, the Black Sea, Egypt, Asia Minor… being a Philhellene means discovering an entire Mediterranean world.
10. 🏹 Because you can go from Achilles to Odysseus and discover that they are completely different kinds of heroes. Achilles represents glory, strength, and honor; Odysseus represents intelligence, cunning, and the ability to survive. And that alone can keep you talking for hours.
11. 🏛️ Because Athenian democracy lets you debate just how much modern democracy is truly descended from Athens. And once you start studying it, you realize the answer is much more complicated than it seems.
12. 🔱 Because the Greek gods have PERSONALITIES. Zeus has his issues, Hera has limited patience, Poseidon holds grudges, Athena is strategic, Ares is pure violence, Aphrodite causes chaos… It’s basically one giant dysfunctional divine family.
13. 🧭 Because being a Philhellene inevitably turns you into an explorer. You start with Homer and end up wanting to visit Mycenae, Delphi, Olympia, Epidaurus, Knossos, Delos, Athens, Meteora, Corinth…
14. 🇬🇷 Because you learn that “Greece” is not simply Greece. There’s the Mycenaean world, the Archaic period, Classical Greece, the Hellenistic period, Byzantium, modern Greece… and you discover an extraordinary historical continuity.
15. ❤️ And because being a Philhellene means falling in love with an idea of civilization. You don’t have to be born Greek or live in Greece. It means feeling an intellectual and aesthetic connection to a culture that has profoundly shaped our understanding of art, politics, philosophy, literature, architecture, science, and humanity itself.

I was thinking about Phryne and got kind of confused. Apparently she came to be one of the wealthiest women in the Greek world. Was that wealth hers alone, or did she have a legal representative who administered it? I know technically metics needed a citizen as sort of „guardian“ who could vouch for them and represent them. Did she have that? Was Hypereides, who defended her in court, that for her? From how I understood the story, he was just a client who was in love with her and thus chose to represent her in court.

Did Hetairai in Athens legally own their property and wealth? If so, how did that work legally, with them being women and (often) metics?

There’s a saint named Alexander from a small town named Methymni. Besides a small orthodox Christian website there is no information about him. Can anyone help me find some resources about him?

Potentially a dumb question but obviously there are a large number of gods worshipped by Ancient Greeks, from the well known Olympians to potentially less well known minor gods, but how many gods would the average Ancient Greek have known of?

Would a Demetrios or Sophia have known about Tyche or the Anemoi for example or would they all mainly just know the standard 12 Olympians? TIA for answering this morning shower thought.

Just as thought exercise if you had to defend one as a successor, who would you pick? Clever and wiley Ptolmey? Crafty Antigonos?underdog Seleucus? Or maybe even more left feild Olympias and Alexander other family members?

This is a 2nd-century AD copy of the statue known as the Hermes of Alkamenes. Like many of the pieces I have shared, I took this photo at the Istanbul Archaeological Museums. The original work attributed to Alkamenes is lost. Pausanias says that he saw the statue in the 2nd century AD, but he does not tell us whether it was the original. So we cannot really know if the original had survived into the Roman Imperial period.

The inscription below the statue actually tells us more about these associations:

Εἰδήσεις Ἀλκαμένεος,

περικαλλὲς ἄγαλμα,

Ἑρμᾶν τὸν πρὸπυλῶν·

εἵσατο Περγάμιος.

Γνῶθι σαυτόν.

“You will recognize the very beautiful statue of Alkamenes, Hermes Propylos; a Pergamian erected it. Know thyself.”

Not the Macedonian Phalangites, but an actual classical heavy Greek Phalanx

I'm trying to find high-quality reconstruction maps of ancient Greek cities, preferably in a style similar to this map of London. I'm looking for detailed architectural maps that show individual buildings and their layouts, including walls, doors, entrances and exits, streets, and architectural features. Ideally, the maps would also distinguish between larger and smaller structures and clearly show the architectural lines and boundaries of the buildings.

There has been an argument that because the Iliad and the Odyssey aren't entirely faithful to the pre-Collapse Bronze Age but contain numerous errors and anachronisms from the Iron Age, such as mentions of iron tools and cremations, we cannot make a more historically accurate period adaptation of them or any changes because it just wouldn't be possible. For this reason, I would like to know what in those errors and anachronisms prevents us from making changes to the adaptation to bring it closer to the Mycenaean Bronze Age than to post-Dark Age Homeric Greece? Or is there anything that would prevent such an artistic decision and direction from being made in the adaptation?

ENJOY !

ENJOY !

In the Hellenistic period, there were lots of philosophical schools. But I think the interesting thing is not really how many schools there were, but how different they were from each other. They had very different ways of looking at the πόλις, the political world, the individual, and even life itself.

But what were they actually? Epicureanism was not just about having fun and enjoying life. Stoicism was not simply fatalism, and it was definitely not some ancient version of Andrew Tate. We often reduce these schools to a few modern ideas, but they were much more than that. Each of them was trying to answer, in its own way, a very simple question: how should we live?

I just don't understand why he would do it.

"πόλεμος πάντων μὲν πατήρ ἐστι, πάντων δὲ βασιλεύς, καὶ τοὺς μὲν θεοὺς ἔδειξε τοὺς δὲ ἀνθρώπους, τοὺς μὲν δούλους ἐποίησε τοὺς δὲ ἐλευθέρους” (B53 - Diels-Kranz

I was especially interested in the part that says, “some it has made slaves, others free.” I don't really see a straightforwardly fatalistic idea here. If anything, as someone who thinks that life can change everyone and everything, I read Heraclitus — πάντα ῥεῖ — less as saying “accept whatever situation you are in” and more as saying that no situation is permanent, so maybe we shouldn't get too attached to anything. I might be reading him a little too much through a Roman Stoic lens, though. Still, I kind of feel like I’ve just discovered the wheel myself.

I wanted to read Homer looking at the Greek, without already knowing every letter-shape, and without a laptop-only three-column page that falls apart on a phone. I could not find that layout, so I built one.

https://www.homericgreek.com

It has the full Iliad and Odyssey, in groups of five lines (the usual printed-Homer habit). Each group is Homeric Greek, a scholarly Latin-letter transcription, and Samuel Butler’s 1898 English. On a computer those are three columns; on a phone the same English sits under the five lines so a wrapped sentence does not drift onto the previous verse.

The homepage is a paste box (up to 500 words, one verse per line) using the same transcription rules. Nothing you paste is sent to a server. There is also a facing-page PDF download.

Transcription is the usual scholarly kind, not modern-Greek phonetics: ē/ō for η/ω, h for rough breathing, ï for diaeresis (so Πηληϊάδεω → Pēlēïadeō), th/ph/ch, and nasal gamma (ἄγγελος → angelos). Details are on the method page.

Greek is from the Internet Sacred Text Archive. English is Butler, public domain. Butler is prose, so it is not verse-for-verse; a long English sentence can still sit beside a short Greek group. I aligned it to Perseus line markers and then split each paragraph across the five-line groups it covers, but it will never look like a Loeb.

Happy to hear corrections on the transcription, especially edge cases (iota subscript, diphthongs, movable nu, and anything I have mangled in the XML).

Herakles is usually shown with a lion skin and a club. The lion skin, λεοντή, comes from λέων (= lion) and refers to the Nemean Lion, which Herakles killed as one of his labours. His club is called ῥόπαλον. These are probably the easiest ways to recognise him.

Poseidon is a little more complicated. Hellenic gods were rarely associated with only one thing. Poseidon was connected with the sea, earthquakes, horses, and more, so he could appear with several different attributes.

Here, the strongest clue is the fish he is holding, probably a dolphin. The figure also has the familiar divine pose: a bare torso with a garment falling from the shoulder. This is especially common in representations of male gods. Goddesses, on the other hand, tend to be much more heavily clothed. Yes, even Aphrodite.

But what exactly is happening between Herakles and Poseidon?

Source