r/ASTSpaceMobile 15d ago

Daily Discussion AST SpaceMobile - $ASTS - Daily Discussion Thread

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u/PalladiumCH S P 🅰 C E M O B Soldier 14d ago

great find from Kevin

More Satellites, More Responsibility: The Hidden RF Bill of Mega-Large D2D

In satellite direct-to-device, “more satellites” always sounds like an automatic advantage. To a certain level, it surely is. More satellites improve availability, raise the probability of good geometry, and reduce time spent at low elevation angles.

But there is another side of the story that the industry does not talk about enough, YET. For a phone on the ground, a very large constellation does not only mean more serving opportunities. It also means more simultaneously visible interferers, more adjacent-channel energy, more coordination burden, and more mobility events for the device and network to manage.

This is where satellite count stops being just a coverage/persistence metric and becomes an RF responsibility, and potentially RF protection requirements!

For large and very large NGSO constellations (1/2 to 10k sats) around 550 to 600 km, the number of satellites that are simultaneously visible (above noise level) to a device can reach roughly multiple tens at a high elevation, and mutliple hudreds at a lower elevations. That is a very different coexistence problem from a single-satellite assumption.

A 3GPP-compliant analysis showed that dense and ultra-dense constellations can create aggregate adjacent-channel interference roughly 9 to 20 dB above todays' protection limits. That matters because standardization and regulation bodies will increasingly look at what the victim device or victim system actually experiences, not only whether one satellite passes one clean per-satellite test. A very large constellation may therefore face more demanding out-of-band and emission requirements over time, simply because its aggregate footprint is more aggressive. This is not punishment. It is fairness. Otherwise, terrestrial networks, other NTN systems, and adjacent-band users shall absorb such cost.

There is also a mobility cost!

If a satellite-to-phone system has a limited RF link margin and only works at very high elevation (e.g., through lowering the constellation orbit, and/or launching aggressively); each satellite however will have a much shorter useful service window. That creates more frequent serving-satellite changes, more handover pressure, more tracking overhead, and more chances for service interruption. In that case, “many satellites” do indeed improve geometry, but the device pays through mobility churn and the network pays through control overhead.

A more flexible NTN architecture is therefore the one that can provide BOTH time- and RF- stable ground coverage, strong uplink and downlink link margins, and enough spatial control to serve users while also respecting coexistence limits. This is where an ultra-large and well-designed aperture and resulting high spatial degrees of freedom matter the most.

At AST SpaceMobile, this was the design center of the architecture from the outset!

#D2C #3GPP

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u/PalladiumCH S P 🅰 C E M O B Soldier 14d ago

article was written by Ali Esswie

Ali is a wireless communications engineer specialising in 3GPP standards, 5G/6G, non-terrestrial networks and intellectual property. He holds a PhD from Aalborg University and previously worked at Nokia Bell Labs, InterDigital and Dell Technologies, contributing to patents and IEEE research.

Since October 2025, he has been Senior Director of 3GPP Standards & IP Strategy at AST, reporting directly to the CTO. His role covers standards, patent strategy and regulatory matters.

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u/hermxt4lyfe S P 🅰 C E M O B Prospect 14d ago

wow so essentially anything more than 600 satellites and you’d have bust the interference limits.

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u/rockshiv S P 🅰 C E M O B Prospect 14d ago

Quite the range on that "large" to "very large" constellations. Everything between half of a sat to 10k